A PRESENTATION

RURAL SANITATION

ON

INTRODUCTION

More then 70% population resides in villages.

Causes

for absence of sanitary system in

villages: Cost factor. Scattered population. Nonavailability of skilled manpower

Provision for potable water for drinking purposes

Sources

of water: Rivers, ponds, lakes

& wells. Disinfection: KMnO4 , Chlorination.

Collection & disposal of dry refuse

Dry

Refuse: house sweeping, vegetable wastes, papers, rags. Methods of disposal:

May be dumped in low lying areas. May be burnt in low lying areas. May be dumped in pits.

Collection & disposal of sullage

Sullage:

wastewater from bathrooms, kitchens, housewashings, washing of clothes, etc. Disposal of sullage of rural areas:
Pit formation. Draining & serving to trees, kitchen Gardens. Led to pit containing dry refuse to accelerate the decomposition process

Disposal of night soil or excretal waste

TRENCH PRIVY

Several number of trenches equally spaced. Each user throws some qty. of earth on faceal matter.

Pit privy or dug well privy

Pit of 0.9 to 1.2 m in dia & 2 to 4 m deep. Bottom kept unlined. Excreta goes directly in pit. Urine & ablution water seeps directly into soil. When pit gets filled up, superstructure is shifted. Filled pit covered with earth. Which could be used as manure after few months.

Bore hole privy

Used

where available space is small. Less depth & greater Height.

Pail or can privy

Also known as removable receptable privy. Older method, still used. Excreta gets collected in iron pails or cans which is removed once or twice everyday. Low initial cost but high service cost. Disadvantages:

Social stigma for scavengers. Foul smell, breeding of flies or mosquitoes.

Concrete vault privy

Used

where water table is higher. Squatting used constructed in a manner to stop water from entering. Manhole provided to empty the vault once it gets filled up.

Aqua privy
Also known as wet latrine, commonly not adopted. Consists of: Anaerobic digestion chamber, aerobic digestion chamber, filter chamber. Digested sludge gets settled in both chambers which could be cleaned once in two years Effluent goes to filter chamber where it gets purified. Purified effluent used for gardening or farming Water is to be added every time after use to compensate for evaporation or leakage losses.

Chemical toilet
Concrete

vault gets replaced by acid proof metal tank. High cost so generally not used. 10kg of caustic soda in 10 to 6 L of water in metal tank. Spent chemicals, accumulating liquids, solids removed periodically.

Pour flush water seal latrine

Excreta

is hand flushed by providing 1.5 to 2 L of water. Consists of squatting pan, leaching pit. Two leaching pits are provided, to be used alternatively. Digested excreta could be used as manure. Could be located inside the house.

Requirements of a good privy

Should be located away from building on the leeward side. Squatting pan, at sufficient height to prevent of rain water. Should be well ventilated. Should be closely covered to restrict movement of flies. Contents should not be visible to the user. Should have a moderate cost.

Technologies from

council of scientific & industrial research new Delhi

DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER

Consisting of a silt-ash trap chamber and a borehole. Silt ash trap chamber is divided into two compartments each having a triangular duct. Ducts are provided with entry and exist at the bottom and are interconnected at the top. The second compartment is filled with brick ballast Investment :Rs. 750

DUAL FLUSHING CISTERN

Design system for conversion of conventional bell/siphon type flushing cisterns in the residential buildings into dual flushing cisterns. Cost of conversion of a conventional flushing cistern into dual flushing cistern-Rs. 50. If installed during construction stage, no additional cost is involved. The water conservation is 50% per flush (5 L instead of 10 L).

LOW COST LATRINE

Used in the areas where sewerage system or septic tank is not feasible due to shortage of water. The system consists of two leaching pits, WC seat (slope 30o) and water trap. Leaching pits connected with PRAI type seat through an inspection chamber using clay/cement concrete/plastic pipes or brick channels. The leaching pits used alternatively in a gap of 4-5 yr. Investment :Rs. 3,500

HAND-FLUSH WATERSEAL PIT LATRINE

Consists of a squatting enclosure and two digestioncum-soakpits connected through a junction chamber. In the squatting area, a cement mosaic finish pan and water seal trap are fitted and the faeces is transferred to a pit. When one pit is filled up, the other pit is connected through the bifurcation chamber. Investment :Rs. 4,000

RED CLAY SANITARYWARE

Produced from inexpensive raw materials like local red clay in conjunction with ball clay, quartz, feldspar, dolomite etc. Raw materials are ground, mixed and dewatered in usual manner and articles cast by slip making process or hand molded. Investment :Rs. 10

STONE SANITARYWARE

Raw materials :Quartz, ball clay, feldspar, barium carbonate, calcite, zinc oxide, china clay, etc. Raw materials are processed and wet ground in the grinding mill. Ground slip is filtered through filter press and shapes given by casting method. Dried pieces are glazed and fired in shuttle kiln at 1220 C Investment :Rs. 50 lakh

Thank you