Hands on Training in Appropriate Instrumentation and Techniques for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring.

New Delhi, March 17, 2012

Presentation on

Waste Minimisation & Zero Discharge

by

Dr. Dilip B. Boralkar Former Member Secretary Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Mumbai
www.boralkar.com

Organised by

M/s Envirotech Insruments Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

Introduction
The waste minimization can be phrased differently:
Waste reduction or waste strength reduction; Application of clean technologies or green technologies Pollution prevention; Environment-friendly technologies (LNWT) The preference, naturally, will be reflected in the following order: No waste generation at all If waste is generated, it is recycled

Residual wastes reduction v/w and in toxicity by treatment

Disposal of treated residues should be so smooth that it does not

adversely affect the recipient body (for example, discharge of treated effluent through an out fall diffuser).

WM Program: Critical Steps

Approach of out of site, out of mind to be changed
WM program to aim
Waste Quantity Waste Toxicity Recovery Expenditure Potential Risk

Saving Raw Material cost Saving Waste Disposal

Preparation of WM Program:
Waste Audit : Characterize waste streams Emission inventory : Quantification of release

Fugitive loss control

Good operating practice (GOP) Good maintenance practice (GMP)

WM Techniques
Technology selected depends on nature of waste and type of contaminants such as :
Contaminants 1. Organic Type Break-up Organic liquids, soils, sludge sediments Petroleum contaminated soils, sludge sediments Solvent contaminated soils, sludge sediments Rubber goods, tyre, belts, polymers, etc. Metal containing solutions Metal containing soils, sludge sediments Slag, bottom ashes, fly ash, foundry sands Batteries, mercury containing materials, etc.

2. Inorganic

3. Misc.

Chemical tanks, demolition debris, transformers, ballasts, etc.

Waste Recycling Technologies : a. Wastes containing organics

Waste type Organic solvent & petroleum product Possible recycling technology Distillation, energy recovery, decanting

Soils-sludge-sediments, solvent/ petroleum Energy recovery, decanting, thermal contaminated or organic sledges desorption, solvent extraction VOCs Non-aqueous phase liquids (O & G) Dissolved organics Propellant & explosives Lead acid battery cases In-situ vacuum extraction, Pump and recover Freeze- crystallization Energy recovery, extraction, reuse Energy recovery and/or reuse

Rubber goods (tyres, belts)

Liquid monomers

Energy recovery, size reduction, reuse

Distillation, energy recovery

Waste Recycling Technologies : b. Wastes containing inorganics Waste type Possible recycling technology

Metal containing solutions

Metal containing soil, sludge, sediment, slag Abrasive blasting material, foundry sand Lead acid & Ni-Cd batteries

Crystallization, precipitation, ionexchange, RO, evaporation, cementation, electrowinning Chemical leaching, solidification, vitrification,
Use as raw material for cement, vetrification Chemical leaching, pyrometallurgical processing, physical separation

Waste Recycling Technologies : c. Miscellaneous waste

Waste type Scrap chemical tanks, pipes Non-metal structures and demolition debris Wood debris Transformer & ballast

Possible recycling technology Decontamination and disassembly Separation and disassembly, use as construction material Energy recovery PCB flush and treat, metal recovery

Recycling Technologies
Distillation Energy recovery (general) Energy recovery (cement Ion Exchange Liquid ion exchange (LIX) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Diffusion dialysis (DD) Electrolysis (ED) Evaporation Cement raw materials Physical separation Adsorption

kiln)
Thermal desorption
Solvent extraction Freeze crystallization

Chemolysis
Thermolysis Chemical precipitation

Implementation of WM Program
A. Training

B. Raw material control

C. Managing utilities Boiler performance

A/F ratio Flue gas analysis Temperature O&M

Combustion in oil fired boiler

Energy Pumps Fans Air compressors

Implementation of WM Program
D. Hardware & Machinery Efficiency Mechanical separation Equipment modifications E. Process Modification Reactors Effectiveness of catalysts Heat exchangers : cause of waste due to reduced efficiency Distillation columns : cause of waste due to reduced efficiency D. Catalyst : Hastens reaction, increased conversion,

reduced waste

Pollution of rivers due to sewage disposal: Need for Zero Discharge

The dumping and discharge of untreated or

partially treated sewage and industrial waste waters into the rivers is the principal cause of the slow death of these rivers. The rivers systems are biologically dead. People living on river banks suffer from several ailments caused by microorganisms penetrating the food chain through such contaminated water sources.

Continued

In order to bring the river back to life, we

need to impose more stringent standards for the treatment and discharge of domestic sewage and industrial effluent It is now achievable with newly available, cost-effective, not-so-space intensive and environmentally sound technologies.

Past Experience

A BOD of 30 mg/litre is national

standard for the disposal of treated sewage or trade effluent into surface water streams. The limit, though high, is not stringent enough and it does not include removal of nitrogen and phosphorous which are responsible for eutrophication of our water bodies.

continued

In fact, the efforts of 38 years of the

implementation of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and 25 years of the implementation of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have not yielded results of even minimum satisfaction level.

Technologies
In the last few years several welcome technological developments have taken place which if implemented would bring the rivers back to life. The new technologies which include the Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Moving Bed Bio Reactor (MBBR), Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR), Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology etc. are more efficient and more cost

effective. They require less space and save local municipal corporations huge costs on land requirements.

continued
They can deliver 4 to 5 times better results

as compared with those of conventional technologies that were set up based on the 30 BOD standard: they can achieve an average of BOD 5mg/L for treated sewage with maximum being <10 mg/lit. The treated sewage water is suitable for recycling/reusing for non-potable purposes and can bring in money.

Policy
Policy interventions are required to

seize the initiative and momentum for river conservation gathered not only at the government level but also in public forums. We have in the past decades of development taken away the life of the rivers.

continued

We are solely responsible for

reversing that situation. If we do not do that in the immediate future, especially when we now have the technology, the coming generation will never forgive us.

Thanks very much!

For more information visit: www.boralkar.com