Chapter 1

Respiration

Structure of the human respiratory system

1.1 The Human Breathing Mechanism A Structure of the human respiratory system Figure 18.1 1. Nose: always moist, has fine hair, filters the air 2. Trachea: strong, muscular air tube, has rings of cartilage, leads air into the lungs 3. Bronchi: each bronchus is branches from the trachea; each bronchus branches into bronchioles 4. Bronchioles: fine air tubes branching from the bronchi, end in a cluster of air-sacs called alveoli 5. Alveoli: alveolus ( sac filled with air), surrounded by blood capillaries.

Rib muscles: called intercostal muscles, contract or relax & cause the ribs to move upwards or downwards (change the chest cavity / thoracic cavity) 7. Diaphragm: large sheet of muscles which can contract or relax 8. Ribs: together with the breastbone (sternum) protect the two lungs B Breathing and respiration 1. Respiratory system carry out the processes of breathing & respiration 2. Breathing: mechanical process which alternately draws & expels air into & out of the lungs
6.

1.1 The Human Breathing Mechanism A Structure of the human respiratory system Figure 18.1 1. Nose: always moist, has fine hair, filters the air 2. Trachea: strong, muscular air tube, has rings of cartilage, leads air into the lungs 3. Bronchi: each bronchus is branches from the trachea; each bronchus branches into bronchioles 4. Bronchioles: fine air tubes branching from the bronchi, end in a cluster of air-sacs called alveoli 5. Alveoli: alveolus ( sac filled with air), surrounded by blood capillaries.

Respiration: a chemical process which take place in the cells of the body, also called internal or cell respiration C The breathing mechanism 1. Inhalation: process of breathing in air 2. Exhalation: process of breathing out air 3. Air inhaled into the lungs (pathway): Nose trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli 4. In passing through the nose, the air is: Filtered by the fine hairs Warmed to the body temperature Moistened by mucus
3.

5. a. b. c. d. e. f. 6. a. b. c.

Inhalation (breathing in), Figure 18.2, mechanism: Outer rib muscles contract Ribs are raised & the chest moves forwards Diaphragm muscles contract & the diaphragm is lowered & flattened Chest cavity (thoracic cavity) expands Air pressure in the chest cavity decreases Air from the outsides rushes into the lungs Exhalation (breathing out), Figure 18.2, mechanism: Outer rib muscles relax Ribs are lowered & the chest moves inwards Diaphragm muscles relax & the diaphragm curves upwards

Chest cavity (thoracic cavity) becomes smaller e. Air pressure in the chest cavity increases f. Air is forced out from the lungs D Model to show the action of the diaphragm Figure 18.4 1. Sheet of rubber (diaphragm) is pulled down: volume in the bell jar (thoracic cavity) increases Air pressure in the bell jar decreases Air from outsides rushes into the balloons (lungs) through the Y-tube (trachea & bronchi) Balloons become filled with fresh air 2. Sheet of rubber is pushed upwards Volume in the bell jar decreases Air pressure in the bell jar & balloons increases Air is forced out of the balloons through the Y-tube
d.

Inhalation

Exhalation

1.2 Transport of oxygen A What is diffusion 1. Gas molecules move from a place where there are many molecules to a place with fewer molecules. 2. This movement of gas molecules is called diffusion of gas. B Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries Figure 18.5 1. Alveoli in the lungs are surrounded by blood capillaries 2. Inhalation: fresh air is taken into the alveoli 3. More oxygen in the fresh air than in the blood capillaries

Oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli 5. Oxygen combine with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells, producing oxyhaemoglobin Haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin 6. Blood containing oxyhaemoglobin is called oxygenated blood (bright red). 7. At the same time, the higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries causes carbon dioxide to diffuse from the blood capillaries into the alveoli. Carbon dioxide is expelled from the alveoli during exhalation
4.

Alveoli are suitable for the diffusion of gas, reasons, alveoli:Have very thin & moist walls Present in large numbers Richly supplied with blood capillaries Always a different in the concentration of gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between the alveoli & the blood capillaries C Transport of oxygen to the body cells 1. Oxygenated blood in the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli first flows to the heart 2. Heart pumps the oxygenated blood out to the body cells.
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3.

Blood which carried in one-celled thick blood capillaries reached the target body cells

Amount of gas Oxygen Carbon dioxide

4.

Body cells Low High

Blood capillaries High Low

5.

Oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin diffuses out of blood capillaries into the body cells. Oxyhaemoglobin becomes haemoglobin again in the blood. oxyhaemoblobin Haemoglobin + oxygen Carbon dioxide in the body cells diffuses into blood capillaries.

Deoxygenated blood (dull red) is finally carried back to the heart & then to the blood capillaries surrounding the alveoli in the lungs. Figure 18.6 1.3 Cell Respiration A What is cell respiration? 1. The process in which food is oxidised in the cell to get energy is called cell respiration / tissue respiration / internal respiration B Oxidation of Glucose in the cells Figure 18.7 1. Food has to be broken down to produce energy. This reaction needs oxygen & is called oxidation. 2. The process in which food such as glucose is oxidised in the cells to obtain energy from organism is called cell respiration.
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Cell Respiration

Cell respiration: Glucose + oxygen

3.

energy + carbon + water dioxide 4. Cell respiration which uses oxygen: aerobic respiration 5. Cell respiration which do not use oxygen: anaerobic respiration 6. Exp 18.1 1.4 Importance of A Healthy Respiratory System A Substances which are harmful to the respiratory system

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Sulphur dioxide Is released when fossil fuels (diesel & coal) are burnt in factories Poisonous acidic gas Dissolves in rain to form acid rain Corrodes the respiratory system & cause asthma & bronchitis Carbon monoxide Poisonous gas Is produced when fuels (petrol & diesel) are incompletely burnt Haemoglobin in the red blood cells combine with it to form carboxyhaemoglobin Body cannot get oxygen

Dust Irritates the respiratory system Block the tiny air tubes (bronchioles) Harbour bacteris Causes tuberculosis 4. Smog Smoke + dust + mist = smog Reduces visibility, causes asthma & bronchitis B Harmful chemicals in cigarettes 1. Nicotine Highly addictive Hardens the blood vessels, causes hypertension & lung cancer
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3. 4. 5. 6.

Tar Thick black substance Corrodes the cell in the lungs Prevent dust particles & bacteris from being cleared from the lungs Carbon monoxide Deprives the body of oxygen Carcinogens Causes cancer Benzoprene Butane, ammonia, hydrogen cynide Exp 18.2

C Diseases of respiratory system 1. Asthma symptoms: difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, feeling of tightness in the chest 2. Smokers cough Wall of the air passages become inflamed & swollen Lungs produce a lot of phlegm to soothe the irritation & inflammation 3. Bronchitis Bronchi become badly inflammed & narrowed Produce excessive phlegm, bad cough Difficulty in breathing, pain in the chest

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6. 7.

Lung cancer Cells in the lungs multiply out of control & producr tumours (block the air passages) Emphysema inhalation: the alveoli expand more than normal & the lungs become over inflated, Figure 18.11 Heart diseases stroke: blood vessels bursts in the brain Heart attack: blood vessels of the heart bursts Infant death

D Good habits to improve the quality of air 1. Do not smoke 2. Stop open burning 3. Maintain efficient car engines 4. Fix catalytic converter 5. Car pooling