Light and Optics

Nur Zilvy Amalia VIII-I Acceleration 13

Light
In everyday life, whether day or night we can see things because there is light. Whether the light comes from sunlight or lamp. So, light is a factor that cannot be separated from this life. With light we can see the beauty of sky, field, mountain, flower, house, and the other things around us.

Definition and Properties of Light

Light is an electromagnetic wave, that is a wave that the vibration shaped electric area and magnetic area. Because of the direction of the electric area vibration and the magnetic area are perpendicular with the spreading direction so light is one of transverse wave. Different with sound, light can spreads without through medium, so light can spreads inside vacuum. Thats why, sunlight can reach the earth although between sun and earth is found vacuum space. In daily life, we can see that light spread according to the straight line. For the example, in a dark room is made a little slit so the sunlight can get in. the sunlight that enter will be seen spreading according to straight line. Light has energy, like sunlight that use for dry cloths. It shows that sunlight has heat energy.

 Light radiates from light source, like sun, flash light, candle, and others can be seen by our eyes. Light is electromagnetic wave that is radiated in the form of radiation. Radiation in energy emitted from a source in form light pr wave. As wave, light is included into transverse wave, which the spreading direction is perpendicular to the direction of vibration. In daily life, when the night comes we cannot see the things around us without the aid of light, such as moonlight, or lamp. Means there are things that can radiate light their self and there are also things that cannot radiate light their self. Objects that can radiate light is called light source. But not all light source can produce light their self. And the objects that cannot radiate light their self is called dark objects. Dark objects if get light can be separated into 3 kinds: opaque, transparent, and clear.

Light Reflection
In daily life, we can see things because there is light from those things or those things reflect light they receive. So we can observe color, composition of the things, dark and light of the things also can differ one thing to another thing. A dark object which get light some reflect the light regularly some also reflect the light irregularly depend on the surface of the body. If the light falls so smooth and shiny surface, the bundle of the light will be reflected regularly. So specular reflection happens if the stream of light falls on the body that its surface is smooth and shiny, so direction of the light reflection goes to certain direction. In daily life the specular reflection can be observed in light reflection by mirror and shiny metal surface. If the light falls on the rough surface, then the stream of light will be reflected to every direction irregularly.

 This irregular light reflection is called diffuse reflection. So, the diffuse reflection happens if the stream of light falls on the body which its surface is rough, so the stream of parallels rays which fall o the object will be reflected to every direction. A flat mirror is the glass that the surface is flat and one of the surface is covered by silver metal. In daily life, mirror that usually use for make up is flat mirror. When we see at the flat mirror, will be seen the image of our self on the mirror and look like the original. Image on the flat mirror has properties: virtual image; upright as the object; same size with the object; facing perverted with the object; distance of the object to the mirror is equal to distance of image to the mirror.

Image on a flat mirror B flat mirror B

eye
A flat mirror eye A

normal line

Image formation on a flat mirror

 Besides flat mirror there is also another mirror that can reflect light, namely concave mirror. Concave mirror is a mirror which the surface is shiny and curves inward like slice of a ball that its inner part is shiny. Image of concave mirror: front back a. P (center of curvature of mirror) main b. R (radius of curvature of mirror) axis c. F (focal point) P O F d. O (intersection point of main axis with concave mirror R e. (distance of mirror focus from F to O) The magnitude of focus distance () is half of radius of curvature of the mirror (R). So: =R

 Concave mirror has property collecting light or the rays it reflects. So, concave mirror is called also convergent mirror (ray collector). If the stream of parallel rays strike the surface of concave mirror, the reflected rays ill intersect at the same point. Normal line in the concave mirror is he line that relates the center point of curvature of mirror with the ray falling point on the mirror. So the normal line in the concave mirror changes depend on the falling point of ray on mirror plane. Light reflection in the concave mirror same have particular properties depend on the incoming of the light. There are three particular rays in the concave mirror: a. incident ray which is parallels to main axis of the mirror will be reflected passing through the focal point.

b. the incident ray passing through the focal point will be reflected parallel to main axis. c. the incident ray passing through center point of curvature of mirror will be reflected back through that center point of curvature. Based on those particular rays, we can know the image of object formed by the concave mirror. Different with flat mirror, the image in the concave mirror its shape can change depends on location of the object to the mirror. While some properties of object image formed in the concave mirror based on its position.

B A

A P
B

Image of object that lies in front of P will form real image, minimized, inversed, and O image is located between P and F.

B
A Image of object that lies between P and F will form real image, enlarged, and O located in front of P

P
B

B P F

B A

Image of object that lies between F and O will form virtual image, enlarged, upright, and located behind the mirror

B A A P B O The image of object that lies at P will form real image, the same size, inversed, and located at the point P.

Object that lies at the focal point F will form image at infinity because its reflected rays do not intersect.

Based on the formation of image in the concave mirror is obtained relationship object distance to the mirror (S0), image distance to the mirror (S1), and focus distance (). Determining properties of image in concave mirror: a. if image distance (S1) is positive valued, the image is real and inversed. On the contrary, if (S1) is negative valued, the image is virtual and upright. b. the image is enlarged or minimized depends on the value of magnification (M). If M > 1, the image is enlarged. On the contrary, if M < 1, the image is minimized.

c. the magnification of image (M) is stated with absolute value so magnification (M) remains positive valued, even though the image distance is negative valued. In daily life, concave mirror can be used in various devices, for the example as reflector in searchlight of car, flash light, and searchlight on entertainment stage. Convex mirror is inverse of concave mirror. In convex mirror the shiny surface lies is outer part of ball slice. So the surface that reflects light curves outward. back front R O main axis

 Parts of a convex mirror is the same as parts of concave mirror. Only the centre point of curvature and focal point of mirror is located behind the mirror. So, radius of curvature and focus distance of mirror has negative sign. For example a convex mirror has focus distance of 30 cm, then the writing is = -30 cm. Same as he concave mirror, in the convex mirror holds also the law of light reflection. The convex mirror has property can spread the light struck it. So, the convex mirror is also called divergent mirror (ray spreader). If a stream of light strikes the surface of convex mirror, the light will be reflected. If there are parallel rays that strike a convex mirror, the rays reflected by the convex mirror seemed come from a point behind the mirror.

 Same with the concave mirror, the convex mirror also has particular rays: a. the incident ray parallel to main axis is reflected seemed come from focal point of the mirror. b. incident ray to focal point is reflected parallel to main axis. c. incident ray to center curvature of mirror is reflected back seemed comes from the center point of curvature (on the same line).

 Based on those three particular rays, we can draw the image of an object formed by a convex mirror. To draw image formation in a convex mirror is only required two particular rays. The image formed lies behind the mirror, its shape is smaller than original object, its position is upright. Obviously the image of the object in front of the convex mirror always produces image that has the same properties: a. forming virtual image (can be seen in the mirror). b. upright. c. minimized (image is smaller than its object). d. located behind mirror. Only need to be considered that focus distance and radius of curvature has negative value, because lie behind the mirror.

Light Refraction
Light refraction is the phenomenon of bending of light that spreads from one medium to another medium which density are different. Light bending from one medium to another medium is named refraction. The light that comes from the water to air will experiences refraction also. Incident ray from spacious medium to dense medium is refracted approaching normal line. Incident ray from dense medium to spacious medium is refracted moving away the normal line. The value of refractive index of a medium shows density of the medium. The larger refractive index of medium, then the larger also medium density. On the contrary, the smaller refractive index of medium, then the smaller also medium density.

 If the angle of incident ray is enlarged then will enlarge also its refracted angle so refracted ray will more approach boundary plane. But if the more enlarged anymore its incident angle, the light that spreads is not anymore refracted but will be reflected base. The refracted ray that parallel to boundary plane is called boundary angle. If the incident ray is larger than the boundary angle, the refracted ray will be reflected back and happens perfect reflection. This event of perfect reflection in daily life can find in the shine of diamond, mirage, and optics fiber. Plan parallel glass is the thick glass which the surface is flat. If light strikes plan parallel glass will experience two times refraction, namely when the light enters into the glass and when the light comes out from the glass.

 When an incident ray enters a plan parallel glass, the ray will be refracted approaching the normal line. Then when the ray spreads in the glass comes out from plan parallel glass, the ray will be refracted moving away the normal line. Incident ray and the ray comes out from plan parallel glass are parallel. Prism is a transparent material that is made of glass separated by three flat side planes so intersect according to parallel line and form certain angle. One of prism side plane is not transparent while to other side planes are transparent. These two transparent side planes are called refractor plane. Angle formed by two refractor plane is called refracted angle of prism, which is notated with the symbol .

 Same as plan parallel glass, in prism also happens two times of refraction. But in prism the incident ray to prism and the ray that comes out from prism are not parallel. Means the ray that comes out from the prism experiences deviation. The angle formed by the deviation is called angle of deviation. Rainbow is colorful light radiation that spreads out in the sky. The color of rainbow are conventionally is said to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. The rainbow happens because there is separation of white light from the sun to be color series or spectrum by grains on the rain. The rainbow can be seen when we overshadow the sun and the rain happens in front of us.

 Lens is a transparent material that bounded by two bending planes or a bending plane with a flat plane. Lens if hit by the light, will change direction of the light that strikes it through the event of refraction lens. Lens consist of two lens, convex and concave lens. Convex lens is a lens that its middle part is thicker than the edge. The convex lens consist of several shapes: biconvex (convexconvex); plan convex (convex-flat); concave-convex. In daily life a convex lens is often used to help human need, such as glasses lens, camera, microscope, and projector. Concave lens is a lens that its middle part is thinner than its edge. The concave lens also consist of several shapes: biconcave (concave-concave); plan concave (concave-flat); convex-concave. In daily life a concave lens is many used by human for glasses lens and telescope.

Power of Lens
The power of lens is ability of lens in collecting or spreading the ray it receives. The power of lens can be formulated:

= power of lens = focus distance

1 P=

References
Irawan, Etsa . 2008 . Pelajaran IPA-Fisika Bilingual untuk SMP/Mts. Kelas VIII . Bandung : Yrama Widya