Introduction to Basic OS Concepts

Submitted to Mr. Manu

Prepared By Mayank Joshi

Topics Covered
What is an Operating System? Mainframe Systems Desktop Systems Multiprocessor Systems Distributed Systems Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems Computing Environments

What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Operating system goals:
Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use. Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

A little insight
Computer systems typically contain:Hardware and Software components Hardware electronic/electric, mechanical components Software programs and subprograms Without support softwares, the computer is of very little use

What is an OS?
An interface between Hardware and User Programs An abstraction of the hardware for all the (user) processes
i.e. hides the complexity of the underlying hardware and give the user a better view of the computer

Computer System Components

1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices). 2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. 3. Applications programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users (compilers, media players,database systems, video games, business programs). 4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Abstract View of System Components

How the OS interacts??

utilities systems software

applications software

Operating system

hardware components

CPU

device

device

...
memory

device

Operating System Components

Resource allocator manages and allocates resources. Control program controls the execution of user programs and operations of I/O devices . Kernel the one program running at all times (all else being application programs).

The Goals of an OS
Let users run programs:
Correctness
Memory boundaries, priorities, steady state

Convenience
User should not handle the tiny details (encapsulation/abstraction), provide synchronization primitives, system calls, file system, tools

The Goals of an OS
OS lets the users run programs while focusing on :
Maximizing Efficiency
Resource Utilization, resource Sharing, Multitasking

Fairness (in resource allocation)

Among: users, tasks, resources The tradeoff between efficiency and fairness

An OS is a Resource Allocator
Its good to share! Multiple users get all computing resources simultaneously:
CPU time Memory (ram, swap, working set, virtual etc) File system (storage space, primary and secondary storage devices) I/O devices (display, printers, mouse,keyboard) Clock

The OS should give every user the illusion that he/she is getting all resources exclusively (not sharing!)

What an OS does for a living??

loop forever { run the process for a while. stop the process and save its state. load state of another process. }

Virtual Continuity
A process can get switched in or switched out.

OS should give the illusion for the process as if it exists in the CPU continuously => Context Switching

Preemptive Scheduling
There are OSs where a process is forced to give up the CPU (e.g. when stayed for too long). Such systems implement a preemptive scheduling policy.
Examples include Windows (NT,XP & 7) , Unix etc

Using Priorities
Most OSs provide the priority mechanism Priorities are associated with processes Priorities are used to help the OS reach fairness

Process
A process is a program in execution. The components of a process are:
the program to be executed, the data on which the program will execute, the resources required by the programsuch as memory, file(s)and the status of the execution (wait, ready, running).

OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

I/O routine supplied by the system. Memory management the system must allocate the memory to several jobs. CPU scheduling the system must choose among several jobs ready to run. Allocation of devices.

Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive Computing

The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory). A job may be swapped into and out of memory On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next control statement from the users keyboard.

Desktop Systems
Personal computers computer system dedicated to a single user. I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers. User convenience and responsiveness. Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features. May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux)

Distributed Systems
Distribute the computation among several physical processors. Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local memory; processors communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. Advantages of distributed systems. Resources Sharing Computation speed up load sharing Reliability Communications

Distributed Systems (cont)

Requires networking infrastructure. Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN) May be either client-server or peerto-peer systems.

Major Computer OSs

Windows by Microsoft Corp. Unix Linux(freeware with openSUSE,redhat and Ubuntu distributions) MacOS by Apple Inc. Solaris by Sun Microsystems

Leading Mobile OSs

Windows Mango,Windows mobile for PDAs iOS for iPhones Android by Google for touch screen devices (tablets and smartphones) Symbian OS (s30,s40,s60, anna and belle) by Nokia PalmOS Meego BADA by Samsung

Sources
www.wikipedia.com www.google.co.in www.microsoft.com www.linuxdeveloperforum.com www.apple.inc

THANK YOU