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SUVADEEP DALAL DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IIT KHARAGPUR, KHARAGPUR MARCH 2012
Mounding Problem
Mounding Problem
Heavy rainfall Saturation of earth slope Reduction in stability (Mounding)
Purpose
Problem Variables
The size and geometry of the slope.
The coefficient of permeability and its anisotropy. The rainfall intensity, duration, and sequencing.
transient seepage sudden drawdown problem. Extensive use of the approximate full and partial drawdown analysis presented by Newlin and Rossier. Accumulation = Negative drainage. Relative mounding = M = 1-U, U = Relative drainage. Equivalent triangle approximation for drainage analysis & trapezoidal approximation for stability analysis. Includes the effects of anisotropy. 1. k = (khkv) 2. f = (kh/kv)
Equivalent Triangle, Transient Drainage analysis method used by Newlin and Rossier
3. U = (P h)/P = {(P hm)/P}2
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5.
Fig. 3: Newlin and Rossier (1967) transient drainage analysis Method: Notation
Fig. 4: Newlin and Rossier (1967) transient drainage analysis Method: Transient Drainage Specification
6(a).
6(b). 6(c).
P = P + z H = H + z
7.
Fig. 3: Newlin and Rossier (1967) transient drainage analysis Method: Notation
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9.
10. 11.
Fig. 5: Using Morgenstern 1963 to estimate F/Fo due to sudden drawdown and mounding: notations
slopes (m) from 2 to 5, =2040, and c /H=0.0125 0.050. Schmertmann gave ( F/F0) versus (L/H) results Using different combinations of L/H from 0 to 1, (c /Htan ) from 0.02 to 0.12, and m from 2 to 5. F = F - F0 13.
Fig. 5: Using Morgenstern (1963) to estimate F/Fo due to sudden drawdown and mounding: fitting eqn 13 through results of authors parametric study of Morgensterns charts
Separating the mounding effect from the combined steady state plus mounding effects
15. Uss+md = Uss * Umd An Example: Let Uss=0.60 and Umd=0.083 So, Uss+md = 0.60 * 0.083 = 0.05 M = 1 0.05 = 0.95 So, F/F0=0.30 (from graph or equation 13)
Fig. 5: Using Morgenstern (1963) to estimate F/Fo due to sudden drawdown and mounding: estimating F/Fo due to mounding
The effect of the location of the nearest horizontal impermeable or permeable layer.
Perfectly vertical drainage has no stability effect in a purely frictional soil and assumed for all soils.
F/Fo is proportional to the percent of Re due to lateral flow.
If F/Fo=0.30 but lateral drainage equals only 50%
Table. 2: Approximate Percent of Total Re due to Mound Lateral Drainage with Permeable Horizontal Boundary Layer at all M
Fig. 2: location of the nearest horizontal impermeable or permeable layer and downslope stability
average M over the first M increment = (Mo + M)/2. Obtain Re by linear interpolation in Table 1. 3. The t values need to include the extra delay time t whenever QR changes significantly. Use Eq. 12 for an estimate of each delay time.
Case History
In a recent publication, Blatz et al. 2004, details a case history.
Complete mounding (M = 1) & slope failure following an extreme rainfall event 30 years after construction. Pre-failure F = 2.02.2 & post-failure F = 1.04 According to Eqs. 13 and 14, or Fig.5 : Reduced F=0.900.99 (simulate the case history).
Conclusions
1. Mounding can reduce stability 10% in some cases and 50% in special cases; 2. A permeable underlayer can greatly reduce the
likelihood of significant mounding; 3. Soils within the effective permeability range of k=102104 mm/ s can mound significantly. Above 102 they drain too quickly. Below 104 the mound may take too long to form; 4. Low mounds M(=0.4) have a negligible instability effect.
Higher mounds have a progressively greater effect with approximately 80% of the total effect occurring between M=0.75 and 1.0; 6. The details of rainfall rates, duration, and sequencing can have an important effect. 7. There exists a significant delay time between rainfall and resulting changes in the mound. It varies from hours to years; 8. Many variables affect mounding, making it difficult to evaluate by engineering judgment. Such judgment might improve with the application of the methods and findings presented in this paper.
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References
Schmertmann, J.H. 2006. Estimating slope stability
reduction due to rain infiltration mounding. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132(9):12191228. Newlin, C. W., and Rossier, S. C. 1967. Embankment drainage after instantaneous drawdown. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 936, 7995. Morgenstern, N. 1963. Stability charts for earth slopes during rapid drawdown. Geotechnique, 132, 121131. Blatz, J. A., Ferreira, N. J., and Graham, J. 2004. Effects of near-surface environmental conditions on instability of an unsaturated soil slope. Can. Geotech. J., 41, 11111126.
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