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BRANCH ELECTRICAL

METAL FINISHING AND ELECTRPOLATING

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY OF ELECTROPLATING 3. PURPOSE OF ELECTROPLATING 4. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTROPLATING 5. ELECTRICAL RELATIONSHIPS 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS 7. APPLICATION

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

8. CONCLUSION

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION Electroplating is the application of a metal coating to a Metallic or other conducting surface by an electrochemical process. The article to be plated (the work) is made the cathode (negative electrode) of an electrolysis cell through which a direct electric current is passed. The article is immersed in an aqueous solution (the bath) containing the required metal in an oxidized form, either as an equated action or as a complex ion. The anode is usually a bar of the metal being plated. During electrolysis metal is deposited on to the work and metal from the bar dissolves: at cathode Mz+(aq) + ze- M(s) at anode M(s) Mz+(aq) + ze-

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

HISTORY OF ELECTROPLATING

Electroplating industry were first established in 1974 but it was not until promulgation of 40 CFR Part 413 on September 7, 1979 that Electroplating Categorical Pretreatment Standards became a reality. The 1979 Standards established specific numerical limitations for dischargers falling within seven subcategories.

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

PURPOSE OF ELECTROPLATING
Appearance Protection Special surface properties Engineering or mechanical properties.
Some finishes are purely decorative. Many objects meant to be used indoors, in a dry environment and where danger of corrosion is slight, are nevertheless finished with lacquers, paints and electroplated coatings for purely aesthetic reasons. The very thin layer of gold applied to some articles of inexpensive jewellery has little or no protective value; it is there principally to attract potential buyer. REGD NO = 0401227343

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTROPLATING

Electroplating

Electro less Plating


Anodizing Coatings

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Chemical Etching and Milling


Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA
C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

ELECTROPLATING
Electroplating is the production of a thin surface coating of on~ metal upon another by electrode position. Ferrous or nonferrous basis materials may be coated by a variety of common (copper, nickel, lead, chromium, brass, bronze, zinc, tin, cadmium, iron, aluminum or combinations thereof) or precious (gold, silver, platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium, rhodium, indium, ruthenium, or combinations thereof) metals.

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELECTROLESS PLATING
Electroless Plating is the chemical deposition of a metal coating on a workplece by immersion in an appropriate plating solution. Electricity is not involved, therefore uniform deposits are easily obtained. Copper and nickel electroless plating for printed circuit boards are the most common operations. In electroless nickel plating the source of nickel is a salt, and a reducer is used to reduce the nickel to its base state. A complexlng agent is used to hold the metal ion in solution. Immersion plating, which for purposes of this regulation is considered part of electroless plating, produces a metal deposit by chemical displacement.

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ANODIZING
Anodizing is an electrochemical process which converts the metal surface to a coating of an insoluble oxide. Aluminum is the most frequently anodized material. The formation of the oxide occurs when the parts are made anodic in dilute sulfuric or chromic acid solutions. Anodizing wastewater typically contains the basis material and either chromic or sulfuric acid. When dyeing of anodized coatings occurs, the wastewaters will contain chromium or other metals from the dye.

COATING
Coatings include chromating, phosphating, metal coloring and passivating. Pollutants associated with these processes enter the wastestream through rinsing and batch dumping of process baths. The process baths usually contain metal salts, acids, bases, and dissolved basis materials. In chromating, a portion of the base metal is converted to a component of the protective film formed by the coating solutions containing hexavalent chromium and active organic or inorganic compounds. Phosphate coatings are formed by the immersion of steel, iron, or zinc plated steel in a dilute solution of phosphoric acid plus other reagents to condition the surfaces for cold forming operations.

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Chemical Etching and Milling


Etching and Chemical Milling are processes used to produce specific design configurations or surface appearances on parts by controlled dissolution with chemical reagents or echants. Chemical etching is the same process as chemical milling except the rates and depths of metal removal ere usually much greater in chemical milling. The major wastestream constituents are the dissolved basis material and etching solutions.

Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing


Printed Circuit Board Manufacturln involves the formation of a circuit pattern of conductive metal (usually copper) on nonconductive board materials such as plastic or glass.

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL RELATIONSHIPS
Michael Faraday, perhaps the greatest experimental scientist in history, enunciated his laws of electrolysis in 1833, and these laws have remained unchallenged ever since. They are basic to both the understanding and the practical use of electrolytic processes. They may be stated as follows: 1. The amount of chemical change produced by an electrical current is proportional to the quantity of electricity that passes. 2. The amounts of different substances liberated by a given quantity of electricity are inversely proportional to their chemical equivalent weights. Equivalent weight is an older term, but still used widely in analytical and electochemistry. In redox chemistry it is the molar mass divided by the number of electrons in the balanced redox half-equation. Mathematically Faraday's laws of electrolys can be expressesed as: Q Zm/M Q = It = zFn where Q is the charged passed, I is the current passed, t is the time the current is passed, z is the change in oxidation state, m and M are the mass and molar mass respectively of oxidised or reduced species, F is the Faraday constant (96 485 C mol-1, the charge of one mole of electrons), and n is the amount of of substance oxidised or reduced.

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS

In most parts of the world the authorities set acceptance standards for the discharge of industrial effluent into sewers and water courses. It is usually necessary to obtain the approval of the appropriate authority in the form of a 'consent to discharge' before a discharge can be made or alterations are made in the concentration or volume of an existing discharge. There are very few metal finishing plants from which the rinse waters can be discharged directly to the sewers as the contaminant concentrations are outside the limits set by local authorities. With the majority of instillations, therefore, effluent treatment is necessary. There are a number of methods which may be employed to reduce the level of contaminant in the effluent discharge and thus simplify subsequent effluent treatment. In the main these methods rely on good housekeeping with a liberal dose of common sense added for good measure. NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA REGD NO = 0401227343
C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

APPLICATION

Corrosive resistance Good appearance Protective layer Decorative appeal finishing Alloying

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Conductivity also

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

REGD NO = 0401227343

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

CONCLUSION
In most parts of the world the authorities set acceptance standards for the discharge of industrial effluent into sewers and water courses. It is usually necessary to obtain the approval of the appropriate authority in the form of a 'consent to discharge' before a discharge can be made or alterations are made in the concentration or volume of an existing discharge. So electroplating plays an important role .

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA

C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

REGD NO = 0401227343

NAME=DEBLEENA SAHA
C.V RAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH ELECTRICAL

REGD NO = 0401227343

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