Biology 120 Human Anatomy

Chapter 2 Cytology: The Study of Cells

The Cell Theory

All organisms composed of cells Cells are smallest physiological unit Organism activity is based on cellular activity Cells come only from preexisting cells All cells have similar molecular characteristics

Cell Shapes and Sizes

Squamous: fried egg shape; nucleus is in the center. Cuboidal: cube shaped; nucleus is in the middle. Good for stacking Columnar: Column shaped; tall rectangular. Nucleus is at the basements(bottom) Polygonal: all different type; hexagon, octagon Stellate: star spapeds; nervous system Spheroid/ovoid: round or oval; Discoid: frissbee; red blood cells Fusiform: big in the center and taper off at the ends (Top) Fibrous: long and skinny (muscle cells) Basal vs. apical surfaces: Top and Bottom. Apical faces the external environment. Basal faces the bottom (other cells/muscles/whatever is deeper) . Cells measured in micrometers

um

The Outer Cellular Components

ICF vs. ECF The plasma membrane

Many physiological functions Fluid mosaic model Phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails

Cholesterol Glycolipids

Membrane Proteins

Integral vs. peripheral proteins Functions:

Receptors

(usual peripheral proteins): allow different molecules to bind and give permission to pass through Enzymes (proteins): speeds up a process Channels (usually integral proteins): run from one side to the other. Tunnel or a Channel. Cell identity markers: CAMs: Cell adhesion molecules; hold a cell in place either to another cell or to the Cellular fluid. (Velcro) Carriers: allow carriers to pass with permission. The physically carry the molecule across the membrane.

Membrane transport

Outside the Cell Membrane

The Glycocalyx

Glycolipids and glycoproteins Function

Cellular Extensions : in the ECFmostlyprotein maybe a fat)

Microvilli: tiny hairs; allow material to pass by the cell (move things along) Cilia: bigger hair extensions (moving material past the cell/ move thicker things like mucous) Flagellum: one extension very long and big. Only cell with this is Sperm cells.

Intercellular Junctions (how cells connect to eachtoher)

Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions

The Cytoplasm *cell gel* (anything inside the cell)

Consists of cytoskeleton, organelles and cytosol Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments Intermediate Microtubules

filaments

Cytosol (ICF)
Fluid

different in chemical composition than ECF

Organelles

The nucleus

Nuclear envelope and pores, chromatin, nucleoplasm Rough vs. smooth

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes
Free vs. fixed

Golgi complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria

Cristae and matrix

Centrioles Inclusions