Direct Signal, angle of arrival and Doppler shift Direct and reflected signal Two scatterers Multiple scatterers

Omnidirectional

Multipath is a time selective phenomenon, it gives rise to fades. In addition, the movement of at least one of the terminals causes Doppler effects. The Doppler shift and the angle of arrival of a given echo are interrelated, and that there is a limit to the maximum rate of change possible, if it is only the terminal that is moving. Throughout, assuming that multipath gives rise to a spatial standing wave, sensed by the terminal antenna as it moves. Also, show a possible way of generating time variations when the mobile terminal is stationary. Finally, introducing the case where both terminals, and even the scatterers, are moving.
Omnidirectional 2

In the multipath propagation channel, the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver through several echoes due to reflection, diffraction and scattering, In general, to features such as walls, rooftops, lamp posts, cars, trees, people, etc., in the near environment of the mobile. Multipath is significant in mobile communications, since the (MS) antenna is usually located at low heights and surrounded by obstacles. It typically uses omnidirectional patterns thus picking up large numbers of echoes. Conversely, typical microwave fixed radio links are sited above the surrounding clutter, and use very directive antennas that discriminate against most of the existing multipath. Only in very specific conditions where anomalous refraction exists, rays will bend down toward the ground giving rise to multipath.
Omnidirectional 3

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

Figure 1: Simulation geometry for Project (side view)

Omnidirectional

10

Omnidirectional

11

Omnidirectional

12

Omnidirectional

13

Omnidirectional

14

Omnidirectional

15

(13)

Figure 2: project 2 geometry

Omnidirectional 16

Omnidirectional

17

(15) The tow radio distances change in time:

(16)

(17)

Omnidirectional

18

Dropping the fixed phase term: (18) Taking into account the equality: (19) : (20) (21)

Omnidirectional

19

Omnidirectional

20

Omnidirectional

21

Project 3: Tow Scatterers

two point scatterers are assumed to be the only sources through which the transmitted signal arrives at the receiver, while the direct signal is assumed to be totally blocked.(relating tow of aspects of multipath phenomenon: fade rate and Doppler spread)

Figure 3: project 3 simulation geometry

Omnidirectional 22

Omnidirectional

23

Omnidirectional

24

Omnidirectional

25

Project 4: Multiple scatterers

If the number of point scatterers is increased, more intricate time series can be produced. it will be possible to simulate many typical situations in mobile propagation such as Rayleigh fading conditions. The examples reproduced here have been generated using 13 rays.

Omnidirectional

26

Figure 4: 2D simulation scenario made up of point scatterers

Omnidirectional

27

Omnidirectional

28

Omnidirectional

29

Omnidirectional

30