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The Objective of Network Synchronization

If the node clocks in a telecommunication network operate asynchronously then the transmit and receive rates of telecommunication systems in each node would be different to the other nodes. In this case causing data a errors commonly referred to as slips.

Slips per day = frequency difference x traffic frames/second x seconds/day (86400)


The object of network synchronization is therefore to avoid and to minimize slips. This can only be achieved by synchronizing all the node clocks, and hence all the telecommunication systems, to the nearly master clock.

It facilitates effective communication Synchronization is a corner to work enables mobile networks stone technology
Absolutely handover for continuous Stations performance operation of the network Successful essential between Base Between different telecom system and high Between different telecom operators Prevents cross-talks in mobile networks by synchronizing carrier frequency precisely At interconnects between Networks Provide QOS

SDH Clock Types

3 Types of clock :
G.811 G.812 G.813 Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU) Synchronous Equipment Timing Source (SETS)

Slips

Impact of Slips on QoS

Oscillator - Free-running Oscillator - -Holdover Oscillator Locked

Jitter - defined by ITU-T G.810


Jitter free clock (ideal) jittered clock

phase-deviation

time

Wander - defined by ITU-T G.810

Primary Reference Clock (PRC).


PRC is the network master clock building the basis for the long-term freq accuracy and stability in the network. Two types of PRC have evolved:
Autonomous PRCs with cesium tubes incorporated in the PRC Radio-controlled PRCs which use remote cesium tubes, e.g. in the satellites of the GPS navigation system.

Output interfaces: 2,048MHz (ITU-T Rec. G.703) 2,048Mbit/s (ITU-T Rec. G.703) Basic properties: Free-run Accuracy: Normative References: ITU-T Rec. G.811: 1x10-11

Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU).


SSUs are the second level in the quality hierarchy of synchronization equipment. There are two types of SSUs, so called Local (lower quality) and Transit (higher Quality) clock. Important tasks of SSUs are: Selection of a reference signal coming from the PRC. Supervision of the selected (active) reference signal. Holdover the output when all reference input have failed.

Input interfaces:
2048kHz (ITU-T G.703) 2048kbit/s (ITU-T G.703)

Output interfaces:
2048kHz (ITU-T G.703) 2048kbit/s (ITU-T G.703)

Basic properties:
Free run Accuracy: Holdover per day: Pull in Range: Wander Filtering: 1.6 x 10-8~ 4.6 x 10-6 /year 1.0 x 10-10 ~ 3.7 x 10-7 per day (for ageing) 0.016 ppm to 4.6 ppm. 0.001 Hz to 0.003 Hz.

Normative References: ITU-T Rec. G.812:

Synchronous Equipment Timing Source (SETS).


The SETS is not directly connected to input or output signals of the network element, but via the traffic interfaces or specific synchronisation interfaces.

Reference input signals:


T1, derived from SDH, STM-N [G.707] T2, derived from PDH, 2048kbit/s [G.703/704] T3, derived from 2048kHz [G.703] or derived from 2048kbit/s [G.703/704]

Output signals:
T4, External reference signal 2048kHz [G.703] or 2048kbit/s [G.703/704]

Basic properties:
Free-run Accuracy: Holdover per day:
Pull in Range: Wander Filtering:

4.6 x 10-6
2 x 10-6/Day 4.6 ppm. 1-10 Hz

Normative References: ITU-T Rec. G.813:

SDH Equipment Clock (SEC)

Synchronization Status Messaging (SSM).


In STM-N signals capacity has been allocated in the Section Overhead (S1-Byte) for the exchange of synchronizationrelated messages between neighbor network elements.

S1 byte, Synchronization Status Message.

The Purposes of synchronization status messaging are:


Enable the selection of the best reference signal. Avoid timing loops. Possibility to mark signals that are not suitable as synchronous reference

Synchronization Status Messaging (SSM).


SDH Synchronization quality level
S1Byte, bit5-8

G.8xx

Description

Accuracy

0000
0010

Quality unknown
G.811 QL-PRC 1x10E-11 (highest quality) (highest quality)

Q-level Q5 Q1

0100
1000

G.812T (Transit)
G.812L (Local)

QL-SSUT
QL-SSUL

1x10E-9 per day


2x10E-8 per day

Q2
Q3

1011
1111 all other codes

SETS (G.81s, G.813)


do not use for synchronization

QL-SEC
QL-DNU QL-INV

4.6x10E-6 (lowest quality)

Q4
Q6

(invalid)

Basic Clock Distribution.


According to G.803, with the master-slave method is appropriate for synchronization networks. The signal of a highly accurate and stable master clock is passed to all NEs via chains of slave clock. In order to meet the performance requirements for international digital links (G.822) the master clock must comply to the standards for Primary reference clock

PRC G.811

Master Slave
SSU Node Clock G.812 SSU Node Clock G.812

In large networks long chains of slave clocks may occur.

Long Chain of slave clocks can causes:


Degradation of the synchronization signal due to: -jitter and wander -Clock noise Increasing probability of an interruption in the chain

SSU Node Clock G.812

SSU Node Clock G.812

SSU Node Clock G.812

SSU Node Clock G.812

Synchronization Chain

SSU: 1
PRC
SETS SETS

SSU: 2
SETS SETS

SSU

SSU

SETS

NE: 1

NE: n

NE: 1

NE: n

NE: 1

Maximum numbers according to G.803


-The limits are 15 NEs between SSUs, -Maximum of 10 SSUs in a synchronization chain. -The total number of cascaded clocks (NEs and SSUs) should not exceed 60.

Distribution Methods.
For the distribution of the PRC signal to the network elements two methods are currently being used:

PRC

PRC

Traditional Master Slave Network

Distributed Master

Clock Loops.
GPS

1 PRC

1 SEC PRC

1 Dont SEC use PRC

2 PRC Dont use 1 SEC use Dont PRC

2 Dont use PRC 1

Dont use PRC

Dont SEC PRC Use

22 Dont use PRC

22 Dont Use SEC PRC 1 SEC Dont PRC use 1 SEC Dont PRC Use 1 Dont SEC Use PRC 2 Dont SEC PRC use

2 PRC Dont use

2 PRC Dont use

3 PRC

Standard Synchronization Architecture


Satellite

Method of Distribution

P1
PRC

P2

DHKJT

P3
PRC

PRC

DHLKB

CGPTL

PRC

SYLLB
PRC

PRC

BSCOS

BOBET

TimeSource 3600
GPS Antenna. Rubidium local oscillator.

The Goal: Get PRC/G.811 reference at all nodes. Result: All network element internal oscillators elevated to the

same level as the reference.

Antenna and TS 3600 installed at Certain site

Detail view: Output

1/488 ns= 2.049 MHz

Key Sync Standards

THANK YOU

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