PEKAN ILMIAH NASIONAL

SEMINAR-1 MENYINGKAP BAHAN ALAM SEBAGAI BAHAN ALTERNATIF 26 SEPTEMBER 2004 - JURUSAN FARMASI FMIPA UNHAS - MAKASAR JUDUL DARI PANITIA

MENGAPA HARUS MENCARI

OBAT ALTERNATIF
TINJAUAN FARMAKOLOGI DAN KESEHATAN
Dr.rer.nat.Mulja Hadi Santosa,Apt. (Ka.Bag. Ilmu Bahan Alam) Dr.Bambang Prajogo E.W.,MS.,Apt Fak-Farmasi Unair - Surabaya

MENGAPA HARUS MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF TINJAUAN FARMAKOLOGI DAN KESEHATAN

Topik Bahasan :
MENCARI OBAT ? ALTERNATIF ? FARMAKOLOGI ? KESEHATAN ? : Drugs discovery : Traditional / Alternative : Scientific Basic of Therapy : Healthy 2010

DRUG

USE
TERAPI RASIONAL :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TEPAT PENYAKIT TEPAT PENDERITA TEPAT OBAT TEPAT CARA-DOSIS-WAKTU WASPADA EFEK SAMPING
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

R&D
SEQUENS :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DISCOVERY DESIGN--- MANUFACTURE DELIVERY TARGET - RESPONS CARE ( THERAPY )

TUJUAN TERAPI :
CAUSAL SIMPTOMATIC SUPPORTIVE PREVENTIVE REHABILITASI & COSMETIC

DRUGS
DISCOVERY
PHARM. CHEMIS TRY

DESIGN PHARMA CEUTICS PHARMACY PRACTICE TARGET

NATURAL PRODUCTS (TM - CAM) BIOMEDICS

DELIVERY

RESPONS

SOCIAL CONTEXTS

CARE

THERAPY

DRUGS
DISCOVERY
PHARM. CHEMIS TRY

DESIGN PHARMA CEUTICS

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF

DELIVERY

TARGET BIOMEDICS RESPONS

FARMAKOLOGI

CARE

THERAPY

KESEHATAN

Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine includes a diversity of health practices, approaches, knowledge, and beliefs incorporating plant, animal, and/or mineral-based medicines; spiritual therapies; manual techniques; and exercises, applied singly or in combination to maintain well-being, as well as to treat, diagnose, or prevent illness.

The comprehensiveness of the term traditional medicine and

the wide range of practices it encompasses make it difficult to define or describe, especially in a global context. Traditional medical knowledge may be passed on orally from generation to generation, in some cases with families specializing in specific treatments, or it may be taught in officially recognized universities. Sometimes its practice is quite restricted geographically, and it may also be found in diverse regions of the world (see the section on complementary/alternative medicine, above). However, in most cases, a medical system is called

traditional when it is practised within the country of origin.

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

What are the major types of complementary and alternative medicine?

NCCAM classifies CAM therapies into five categories, or domains:

1. ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

USA

Alternative medical systems are built upon complete systems of theory and practice. Often, these systems have evolved apart from and earlier than the conventional medical approach used in the United States. Examples of alternative medical systems that have developed in Western cultures include homeopathic medicine and naturopathic medicine. Examples of systems that have developed in non-Western cultures include traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. 2. MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS Mind-body medicine uses a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind's capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms. Some techniques that were considered CAM in the past have become mainstream (for example, patient support groups and cognitive-behavioral therapy). Other mind-body techniques are still considered CAM, including meditation, prayer, mental healing, and therapies that use creative outlets such as art, music, or dance.

3. BIOLOGICALLY BASED THERAPIES Biologically based therapies in CAM use substances found in nature, such as herbs, foods, and vitamins. Some examples include dietary supplements, herbal products, and the use of other so-called "natural" but as yet scientifically unproven therapies (for example, using shark cartilage to treat cancer).

USA

4. MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS Manipulative and body-based methods in CAM are based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts of the body. Some examples include chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, and massage. 5. ENERGY THERAPIES Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields. They are of two types: Biofield therapies are intended to affect energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body. The existence of such fields has not yet been scientifically proven. Some forms of energy therapy manipulate biofields by applying pressure and/or manipulating the body by placing the hands in, or through, these fields. Examples include qi gong, Reiki, and Therapeutic Touch. Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies involve the unconventional use of electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, magnetic fields, or alternating current or direct current fields.

CAM : COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

National Center CAM
defines CAM as: ...covering a broad range 1. of healing 2. philosophies,approaches, 3. and therapies. 4. 5. Generally, it is defined as 6. those treatments and 7. health-care practices 8. not taught widely in 9. medical schools, 10. not generally used in 11. hospitals, and 12. not usually reimbursed by 13. medical insurance 14. companies. 15. 16.

USA

RELAXATION TECHNIQUE (MEDITATION)

HERBAL MEDICINE
MASSAGE CHIROPRACTIC SPIRITUAL HEALING MEGAVITAMIN SELF HELP IMAGERY COMMERCIAL DIET FOLK REMEDIES LIFE STYLE DIET ENERGY HEALING HOMEOPATHY HYPNOSIS BIOFEEDBACK ACCUPUNCTURE

Complementary and alternative medicine, as defined by NCCAM, is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine

USA

Are complementary medicine and alternative medicine different from each other? Yes, they are different.

Complementary medicine is used together with conventional

medicine. An example of a complementary therapy is using aromatherapy to help lessen a patient's discomfort following surgery.

Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine.

An example of an alternative therapy is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of undergoing surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy that has been recommended by a conventional doctor.

NC CAM

USA

CAM would improve health when used in combination with conventional medical treatments: 55% CAM would be interesting to try: 50% Conventional medical treatments would not help: 28% A conventional medical professional suggested trying CAM: 26% Conventional medical treatments are too expensive: 13%

The survey found that most people use CAM along with conventional medicine rather than in place of conventional medicine.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Obat konvensional tidak membantu Ketidakpuasan akan obat konvensional Ketidak-percayaan terhadap obat konvensional Perasaan frustasi terhadap obat konvensional Faktor value beliefs terhadap alternatip Faktor philosophical orientation towards health and life Tertarik untuk mencoba alternatip Dianjurkan untuk mencoba alternatip Obat konvensional lebih mahal Untuk membantu meningkatkan kesehatan

OBAT ALTERNATIF, BERARTI MENGGANTIKAN

ASPEK NON-TERAPEUTIK: 1. BIAYA (HARGA) 2. KETERSEDIAAN 3. BELIEFE - PHILOSOPHY

ASPEK TERAPEUTIK : 1. LEBIH SAFETY 2. LEBIH EFFICACY 3. CAUSAL RESPONSE

ASPEK BIOMEDIK FARMASI : 1. MEKANISME KERJA YANG LAIN = BARU 2. DRUGS TARGET - RESPONSE YANG LAIN = BARU

TIDAK / BELUM ADA OBATNYA DALAM CONVENSIONAL MEDICINE = OBAT BARU =

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF = MENCARI OBAT BARU =

ASPEK RESOURCE: 1. NATURAL COMPOUND 2. NATIONAL ORIGINE

ASPEK TERAPEUTIK : 1. MEKANISME BARU 2. TARGET-RESPON BARU

= MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BASED DRUGS DISCOVERY = PHARMACOGENOMIC APPROACHED DRUGS DISCOVERY = NATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION

MOLEKUL OBAT NASIONAL NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY

DRUG

FARMAKO GENOMIK

DRUGS TARGET
BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
THERAPEUTICS

DRUGS RESPONSE

MEDICAL SCIENCES

PENYAKIT
PENYAKIT INFEKSI Dasar Terapi Prioritas : 1. KAUSAL 2. NO-RESISTANCE 3. PREVENTIVE PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSI Dasar Patogenesis Baru : 1. GENETIK 2. TRASKRIPTOMIK 3. PROTEOMIK 4. METABOLOMIK

DASAR PENEMUAN OBAT BARU : 1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PHARMACOGENOMIC ( DRUGS TARGET) 2. NATIONAL (NATURAL) RESOURCES COMBINATORIAL SYNTHESIS 3. PARADIGM : QUALITY SAFETY EFFICACY - ECONOMIC

SINGLE COMPOUND APPROACH ( PURE SUBSTANCE )

MULTI-COMPOUNDS APPROACH ( STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS)

PENYAKIT
PENYAKIT INFEKSI PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSI DRUG & CHEMICALS LIFE STYLE

PRIORITY
HEALTHY COMMUNITY HEALTH 2010 :

ENVIRONMENTS APPROACH

PATIENTS APPROACH

What Is a Healthy Community?

A healthy community is one that embraces the belief that health is more than merely an absence of disease; a healthy community includes those elements that enable people to maintain a high quality of life and productivity. For example: 1. A healthy community offers access to health care services that focus on both treatment and prevention for all members of the community. 2. A healthy community is safe. 3. A healthy community has roads, schools, playgrounds, and other services to meet the needs of the people in that community. (These items are often referred to as infrastructure.) 4. A healthy community has a healthy and safe environment.

Alternatip untuk tujuan terapi prevensi

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 Goal I: Increase Quality and Years of Healthy Life
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 seeks to

increase life expectancy and quality of life by helping

individuals gain the knowledge, motivation, and opportunities they need to make informed decisions about their health.

Goal II: Eliminate Health Disparities

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 recognizes that communities, States, and national organizations will need to take a multidisciplinary approach to achieve health equityan approach that involves improving health, education, housing, labor, justice, transportation, agriculture, and the environment, as well as data collection itself.

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010: 28 Focus Areas ( # 1 14 ) 1. Access to Quality Health Services 2. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Conditions 3. Cancer 4. Chronic Kidney Disease 5. Diabetes 6. Disability and Secondary Conditions 7. Educational and Community-Based Programs 8. Environmental Health 9. Family Planning 10. Food Safety 11. Health Communication 12. Heart Disease and Stroke 13. HIV 14. Immunization and Infectious Diseases

HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010: 28 Focus Areas ( # 15 28 ) 15. Injury and Violence Prevention 16. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health 17. Medical Product Safety 18. Mental Health and Mental Disorders 19. Nutrition and Overweight 20. Occupational Safety and Health 21. Oral Health 22. Physical Activity and Fitness 23. Public Health Infrastructure 24. Respiratory Diseases 25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 26. Substance Abuse 27. Tobacco Use 28. Vision and Hearing

PHARMACEUTICAL PUBLIC HEALTH

The application of pharmaceutical 1. knowledge, skills and resources 2. to the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, promoting, protecting and improving health for all through organised efforts of society

MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIF = MENCARI OBAT BARU = HEALTHY PEOPLE 2010 1. Arthritis, Osteoporosis, and Chronic Back Pain 2. Cancer 3. Chronic Kidney Disease 4. Diabetes 5. Nutrition and Overweight 6. Heart Disease and Stroke 7. HIV Alternatip : 8. Immunization and Infectious Diseases 1. Terapi kausal 9. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health 2. Terapi simptom 10. Nutrition and Overweight 3. Terapi supporting 11. Respiratory Diseases 4. Terapi prevensi 12. Sexually Transmitted Diseases

PENYAKIT
PENYAKIT INFEKSI PENYAKIT NON-INFEKSI DRUG & CHEMICALS

CELL CYCLE GENOMIC TRANSKRIPTOMIC PROTEOMIC METABOLISM HOMEOSTASIS TREATMENTS ORGAN CELLS FUNCTION REDUCE INTER & INTRA CELL SIGNALING PREVENTION REPAIR SYSTEM OXIDATIVE STRESS AND AGING

LIFE STYLE NUTRITION THERAPY

NON-DRUGS THERAPY

DRUGS THERAPY SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THERAPY

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK KANKER-TUMOR

KILLING CANCER-CELL DIRECTLY PRESPECTIVE DRUG TARGET CELL CYCLE TARGET BASED ACTIVITY TARGET APOPTOSIS DEFERENSIASI

IN-DIRECTLY
INHIBITION OF ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITION OF METASTASIS

IMMUNO-MODULATION BASED ACTIVITY TARGET INHIBITION : factors dll INHIBITION : kollagenase dll

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK DIABETES

PRESPECTIVE DRUG TARGET DUODENUM PANCREATIC CELL PRESPECTIVE DRUG RESPONSE Hambatan resorpsi glukosa Insulin biosintesis Insulin degradation Insulin accumulation Insulin sekretion mechanism Insulin reseptor-intrasignaling Gluconeogenesis Glycogenesis Glukosa uptake mechanism Insulin reseptor-intrasignaling

LIVER CELL MUSCEL CELL

FAT CELL
OTHER CELLS

SPEKTRUM ALTERNATIP TERAPI UNTUK DISLIPIDEMIA FAECES DUODENUM SERUM (DARAH) EXCRETION PATHWAY HEPAR ORAL INTAKE Diet non kolesterol Hambatan resorpsi kolesterol LDL VLDL HDL - VHDL TRANSPORT FUNCTION

Hormone biosynthesis biosintesis Blood Cholesterole receptor mediated endocytosis intracellar degradation biosintesis sekresi

EMPEDU

FREE RADICALS BIOSCIENCE BASED THERAPY

FREE RADICALS SCAVENGER MECHANISM PROTECT MODULATE HIDROGEN DONOR COMPOUNDS OXIDATIVE STRESS/INJURY AND CELL SIGNALING APPROACH PATOPHYSIOLOGY AGING CARDIO-VASCULAR DIABETES IMMUNO-INFLAMATION NEURODEGERATIVE ALZHEIMER MALE INFERTILITY DLL

ENZIM SYSTEM BASED RESPONS

CELL CYCLE RELATED BASED RESPONS DAMAGE OF : 1. DNA RNA 2. LIPID 3. PROTEIN 4. GLYCAN

DRUGS RESOURCES
COMBINATORIAL BIOLOGY

NATURAL EXPLORATION BASED

COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY

BIOTECH NOLOGY BASED

DRUGS DISCOVERY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BASED

SYNTHESIS BASED

RECEPTOR BASED PROTEIN

RECEPTOR BASED DRUGS

BIODIVERSITY

TUMBUHAN & BIOTA LAUT CHEMICALS BANK GENETIK BANK

FENOMENA BIOLOGI

STRATEGY APPROACHES 1. ETNOMEDICINE 2. CHEMOTAXONOMY 3. BIO-MOL ACTIVITY SCREENING

PARADIGM - CONCEPTS 1. SINGLE COMPUND 2. MULTI-COMPOUNDS 3. BIOACTIVE MACRO-MOLECULS

STRATEGI
METODA DAN TEKNIK PENGUJIAN 1. MOLECULAR 2. SUB-CELLULAR 3. SELLULAR 4. ISOLATED ORGAN IN SITU 5. IN VIVO ANIMAL

BAHAN ALAM 1. TANAMAN 2. MARINE BIOTA 3. TROPICAL FOREST

VALIDATION : 1. RAW MATERIAL 2. CHEMICAL - BIOCHEMICAL 3. PHARMACEUTIC 4. THERAPEUTICS CLINIC 5. LEGAL FORMAL ALTERNATIVE

USAGE

COMPLEMENTS

Proposed Various Markers for Some Botanicals

Plant Name Zingiber officinale Phylantus niruri Tribulus terretris Salacia raticulata Piper ningrum (Cabe jawa), Lada hitam Centella asiatica Curcuma longa Glycyrrhiza glabra Uncaria gambir Silybum marianum Acorus calamus Aloe vera Andrographis paniculata Cassia angutifolia Garcinia cambogia Abrus precatorius Passiflora incarnata Tinospora crispa Boesenbergia pandurata Cassia siamea Marker Gingerol Phyllanthin Saponin (Cholrogenin dan Gitogenin) Salacinol Piperine Asiaticoside Curcumin Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhizin Catechin Sylimarin b- Asarone Aloin Andrographolide Sennosides Asam Hidroksi sitrat, Garcinol Abrusoside Vitexin Berberine, Jatrorrhizine Panduratin Siaminine A Activity Rheumatic Hepatoprotektor Impotension, diuretic, Muscle building, Anti-urolitic Antidiabetes Bacteriside, antioxidant, Skin health, varicose vein, would healing Neurotonic Hepatoprotektor, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammation Anti-inflammatory, sweetener Antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotector Hepatoprotector Carminative Cosmetics, Laxative Antibiotics, Antidiabetes Laxative Antilipidemic, Slimming purpose Natural sweetener, Anti-inflammatory Anti anxiety/stress Antibiotics, Tonic Antioksidant, anticancer, hepatoprotector Antimalaria

General protocol for standardized production of plant drugs

Authentication Radioactive contaminants Foreign matter

For extract standardization more parameters should be added, such as: viscosity, particle size distribution, etc. According to European Scientific Committee on Phytomedicines there are various standardized extracts, such as: viscous extract, dry extract, standardized dry extract, and harmonized extract. Most of commercial extracts imported from Europe, therefore, were processed following established techniques

Microbial Count

Organoleptic evaluation

Pesticide residue/ HACCP

STANDARDIZATIO N OF PLANT DRUGS

Macroscopic & Microscopic

Marker component

Volatile matter

Chromatographic profile
Extractive Value

Ash Value

Chemical constituent of J. gendarussa

Compound 2-(2-Aminobenzylamino)-benzyl-alcohol 2-(2-Aminobenzylamino)-benzyl-alcohol -o-methyl-ether 2-Amino-benzyl-alcohol 2-Amino-benzyl-alcohol-o-methyl-ether Beta-sitosterol Gendarusin A Gendarusin B Plants part leaf leaf Reff. Duke, 1992A Duke, 1992A

leaf leaf leaf leaf leaf

Duke, 1992A Duke, 1992A Duke, 1992A Prajogo, 2002 Prajogo, 2002

1. OBAT ALTERNATIP BERARTI PADA POSISI MENGGANTIKAN OBAT KONVENSIONAL DENGAN ALASAN NON-TERAPEUTIK ATAU NONTERAPEUTIK ( HARGA, BELIEFE-PHILOSOPHY) 2. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENDEKATAN FARMAKOLOGI BERARTI MENCARI PELUANG BARU DALAM DRUGS TARGET DAN DRUGS RESPONSE 3. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENDEKATAN KESEHATAN BERARTI MENCARI PELUANG TERKAIT TUJUAN PROGRAM (COMMUNITY) HEALTH-2010 4. MENCARI OBAT ALTERNATIP DALAM PENELITIAN & PENGEMBANGAN KEFARMASIAN DI INDONESIA BERARTI EKSPLORASI OBAT BAHAN ALAM BIOAKTIF DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODA BIOLOGI MOLEKULER-SELULER

DEMIKIAN SEDIKIT PEMIKIRAN DARI FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA MOHON MAAF BILA ADA KEKURANGAN

DEFINITIONS

Acupuncture (AK-yoo-pungk-cher) is a method of healing developed

in China at least 2,000 years ago. Today, acupuncture describes a family of procedures involving stimulation of anatomical points on the body by a variety of techniques. American practices of acupuncture incorporate medical traditions from China, Japan, Korea, and other countries. The acupuncture technique that has been most studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.

USA

Aromatherapy (ah-roam-uh-THER-ah-py) involves the use of

essential oils (extracts or essences) from flowers, herbs, and trees to promote health and well-being.

Ayurveda (ah-yur-VAY-dah) is a CAM alternative medical system that

has been practiced primarily in the Indian subcontinent for 5,000 years. Ayurveda includes diet and herbal remedies and emphasizes the use of body, mind, and spirit in disease prevention and treatment.

DEFINITIONS

Chiropractic (kie-roh-PRAC-tic) is a CAM alternative medical system.

It focuses on the relationship between bodily structure (primarily that of the spine) and function, and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health. Chiropractors use manipulative therapy as an integral treatment tool. Dietary supplements. Congress defined the term dietary supplement in the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. A dietary supplement is a product (other than tobacco) taken by mouth that contains a dietary ingredient intended to supplement the diet. Dietary ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as enzymes, organ tissues, and metabolites. Dietary supplements come in many forms, including extracts, concentrates, tablets, capsules, gel caps, liquids, and powders. They have special requirements for labeling. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are considered foods, not drugs.

USA

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs, also called electric and magnetic

fields) are invisible lines of force that surround all electrical devices. The Earth also produces EMFs; electric fields are produced when there is thunderstorm activity, and magnetic fields are believed to be produced by electric currents flowing at the Earths core. Homeopathic (home-ee-oh-PATH-ic) medicine is a CAM alternative medical system. In homeopathic medicine, there is a belief that like cures like, meaning that small, highly diluted quantities of medicinal substances are given to cure symptoms, when the same substances given at higher or more concentrated doses would actually cause those symptoms. Massage (muh-SAHJ) therapists manipulate muscle and connective tissue to enhance function of those tissues and promote relaxation and well-being. Naturopathic (nay-chur-o-PATH-ic) medicine, or naturopathy, is a CAM alternative medical system. Naturopathic medicine proposes that there is a healing power in the body that establishes, maintains, and restores health. Practitioners work with the patient with a goal of supporting this power, through treatments such as nutrition and lifestyle counseling, dietary supplements, medicinal plants, exercise, homeopathy, and treatments from traditional Chinese medicine.

USA

Osteopathic (ahs-tee-oh-PATH-ic) medicine is a form of conventional

medicine that, in part, emphasizes diseases arising in the musculoskeletal system. There is an underlying belief that all of the bodys systems work together, and disturbances in one system may affect function elsewhere in the body. Some osteopathic physicians practice osteopathic manipulation, a full-body system of hands-on techniques to alleviate pain, restore function, and promote health and well-being. USA Qi gong (chee-GUNG) is a component of traditional Chinese medicine that combines movement, meditation, and regulation of breathing to enhance the flow of qi (an ancient term given to what is believed to be vital energy) in the body, improve blood circulation, and enhance immune function. Reiki (RAY-kee) is a Japanese word representing Universal Life Energy. Reiki is based on the belief that when spiritual energy is channeled through a Reiki practitioner, the patients spirit is healed, which in turn heals the physical body.

Therapeutic Touch is derived from an ancient technique called layingon of hands. It is based on the premise that it is the healing force of the therapist that affects the patients recovery; healing is promoted when the bodys energies are in balance; and, by passing their hands over the patient, healers can identify energy imbalances. USA

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the current name for an

ancient system of health care from China. TCM is based on a concept of balanced qi (pronounced chee), or vital energy, that is believed to flow throughout the body. Qi is proposed to regulate a persons spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical balance and to be influenced by the opposing forces of yin (negative energy) and yang (positive energy). Disease is proposed to result from the flow of qi being disrupted and yin and yang becoming imbalanced. Among the components of TCM are herbal and nutritional therapy, restorative physical exercises, meditation, acupuncture, and remedial massage.

ALLAH

HIDAYAH

DUKUN KETUA ETNIS TETUA DESA

MANUSIA

KEPERCAYAAN

TANAMAN

ETNOMEDISIN ( TANAMAN OBAT ETNIS TERTENTU )

ALLAH

HIDAYAH

ILMUWAN BERFIKIR BEKERJA

MANUSIA

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

TANAMAN

PHYTOPHARMACEUTICAL ( HERBAL AND EXTRACT )

BIODIVERSITY
PLASMA NUTFAH

TANAMAN GENETIK BANK

CHEMICALS BANK

FENOMENA BIOLOGI

KONSEP : KELESTARIAN ( JAGA KEASLIAN & KONSERVASI ) KEMANFAATAN ( KESEJAHTERAAN MANUSIA )

CHINA
YIN YANG

JAPAN
KAMPO

UNANI
EURO

INDIA
AYURVEDA

BUDAYA

ISLAM
ARAB

EGYPT
MUMMY

MAYA
AMERIKA SELATAN

INDIAN
AMERIKA UTARA

HINDU
AYURVEDA

BUDHA
YIN YANG

SUKU ASLI

INDONESIA

JAMU

ISLAM
KONSEP UNIVERSAL

KOLONIAL
SEKULER

OBAT TRADISIONAL

FITO FARMAKA

JAMU EKSTRAK

JAMU CACAHAN DIGODOK

JAMU

OBAT ASLI

JAMU GENDONG

PIL JAMU

JAMU SERBUK DISEDUH

FITOKIMIA

BOTANI

FARMA SETIKA

JAMU SCIENCE

PHYTO PHARMA CEUTICAL

BIOMEDIK

KLINIK

PARADIGMA AND BASIC CONCEPTS INTERACTIONS AND RESPONSES (BASIC CONCEPTS)

- SINGLE COMPOUND - MULTI-COMPONENT DRUGS

SCIENTIFICS VALIDATION

- HUMORAL - CELLULAR - MOLECULAR SYSTEM

HUMAN HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE

(BASIC THINKING) 1. DRUGS DISCOVERY 2. DRUGS DESIGN 3. DRUGS MANUFACTURE 4. DRUGS DELIVERY 5. DRUGS TARGET 6. DRUGS RESPONSE

(PARADIGMA) QUALITY SAFETY EFFICACY

BAHAN ALAM
UNTUK NON-KEFARMASIAN

UNTUK KEFARMASIAN ( KESEHATAN)

1. DARI TANAMAN
2. 3. 4. 5. DARI HEWAN DARI BIOTA LAUT DARI MINERAL-TAMBANG DARI REKAYASA / BIOPROSES METABOLIT SEKUNDER SMALL MOLECULES LARGE MOLECULS POLYMERIC COMPOUNDS

ANORGANIC - METALLORGANICS

SENYAWA ORGANIC

METABOLIT PRIMER BIOACTIVE PEPTID / PROTEIN BIOACTIVE LIPID / LEMAK BIOACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDE

RESPON BIOLOGIS

 SMALL MOLECULES LARGE MOLECULS POLYMERICCOMOUNDS

BAHAN ALAM

BIOACTIVE PEPTID / PROTEIN BIOACTIVE LIPID / LEMAK BIOACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDE

STRUKTUR STEREOMETRIK MUATAN ELEKTROFILIK-NUKLEOFILIK HIDROGEN BOND CAPACITY FREE-RADICAL GENERATING CAPACITY OTHER FISICO-CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES STRUKTUR BIOACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP RESPON BIOLOGIS

TUJUAN TERAPI

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYTOPHARMACEUTICS ( governments regulation )

1. JAMU 2. EXTRACT

QUALITY SAVETY - EFFICACY QUALITY SAVETY - EFFICACY

3. PHYTOPHARMACA
QUALITY SAVETY - EFFICACY untuk manusia harus terbukti di manusia juga

OBAT ( single compound paradigm )

codein

EXTRACT PARADIGM doveri ( multicomponent paradigm)

extract

~ R/. ~ active substances