Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7.1
Cultural Communications
Culture - Total Way of a People, the Social Legacy the Individual Acquires from His or Her Group Culture is Typically Invisible to Those Who are Immersed In It, Making Communication Across Cultures Difficult
7.2
Complex Social, Political & Economic Changes Affect International Communications Environment. International Developments Relevant to the Rise in International Commercial Communications:
Development of Trading Blocs - May be Prelude to a Rise in Nationalism Loosening of Political and Economic Constraints
7.3
Liberalization of the Flow of Labor and Increase in movements of Peoples Across Borders Growing Size of Ethnic Groups From Elevated Birth Rates Rise of Cultural Borders and Barriers even as Economic Barriers Begin to Fall
7.4
Ethnocentrism
Self-Reference Criterion
7.5
7.6
Cross-Cultural Research Helps Overcome Barriers Secondary Data - Data Gathered by Someone Else for Some Other Purpose Primary Data - Specific Data Collection Unique to a Promotional Situation Economic Conditions Demographics Characteristics Values Custom & Ritual Product Use & Preference
7.7
Creative Challenge
Media Challenge
Media
Media
Regulatory Challenge
7.8
7.9
7.10
All Forms of Production & Direct Marketing are Applicable in Highly Industrialized Markets In Less Developed Countries - Lack of Wide Range of Consumer Goods & Low Income Make Promotion a Non Issue Few Competitors Serve these Markets Low Literacy Make Communication Difficult w/Print Media Without TV, Radio & Newspaper, Direct marketing is Undermined Unsophisticated Mail Systems
7.11
7.12
Highly Developed Distribution & Retailing Systems Trade Channel Members Demand Support or Carry Marketers Brand
Must Have the Means to Handle Coupon Redemption or Premium Distributions Less Developed Trade Channels May Not be Able to Use Traditional Promotional Techniques Fragmentation of Trade Channels Retailers - No Way of Handling Coupons Some Countries So Small May Not be able to Handle Point-of-Purchase Trade Show
7.13
Regulation of Promotion, Direct Marketing, and e-Commerce Varies Widely Market-to-Market Most Sales Promotion Tools are Legal Across Europe Sweepstakes are Either Heavily Banned or Regulated in All European Markets In Japan Value of Premium Offered with a Product is Limited to 10% of the Value of the Original Price
7.14
7.15
INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATE
Set Up as a joint Venture w/Local Agencies Join Networks or Take Minority Ownership Benefits in this Arrangement Knowledgeable about Culture/Local Market Have Well-Established Contacts One Problem-Less Standardization of Creative Effort
7.17
LOCAL AGENCY
7.19
Expatriate Personnel
Local Nationals
Third Country Nationals
7.22
Training Expatriate Foreign National Personnel Training for Foreign Personnel Motivation & Compensation Companies Must Consider Culture Guidelines Include Examining the Way Firms are Compensating People High Tax-Rate Countries Sales Personnel Push for Packages instead of Direct Taxable Income E.g., Cost of Living Allowances, Private School Tuition, etc.
7.23