Presentation on

IEEE: Power system stability is defined as the capability of a system to maintain an operating equilibrium point after being subjected to a disturbance for given initial operating conditions

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1. Small-disturbance Angle Stability 2. Large-disturbance Angle Stability (Transient Stability) 1. short-term frequency stability 2. long-term frequency stability

Angle Stability

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Frequency Stability
Voltage Stability

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1. Large-disturbance Voltage Stability 2. Small-disturbance Voltage Stability

The capability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all its buses after a disturbance from an initial operating condition defines the voltage stability phenomenon

Voltage stability is load stability

Radial feed from large system to load pure voltage stability concern

Angle (synchronous) stability is generator stability Radial feed from remote generator to large system pure rotor angle stability concern Angle and voltage stability phenomena interact: e.g., rotor angle swings cause voltage swings

 Short-term

voltage stability is characterized by components such as induction motors, excitation of synchronous generators, and electronically controlled devices such as HVDC and static var compensator. The time scale of short-term

1. Frequency problems may appear after a major disturbance resulting in power system islanding. Frequency instability is related to the active power imbalance between generators and loads. An island may be either under or over-generated when the system frequency either declines or rises. 2. Voltage problems

The analysis of long-term voltage stability requires detailed modeling of long-term dynamics Two types of stability problems emerge in the long-term time scale:

This category considers small perturbations such as an incremental change in system load. It is the load characteristics and voltage control devices that determine the system capability to maintain its steadystate bus voltages. This problem is usually studied using power-flow-based tools (steady state analysis). In that case the power system can be linearised around an operating point and the analysis is typically based on eigenvalue and eigenvector techniques.

Here, the concern is to maintain a steady bus voltages following a large disturbance such as system faults, switching or loss of load, or loss of generation. This ability is determined by the system and load characteristics, and the interactions between the different voltage control devices in the system. Large disturbance voltage stability can be studied by using non-linear time domain simulations in the short-term time frame and load-flow analysis in the long-term time frame (steady-state dynamic analysis) The voltage stability is. however, a single problem on which a combination of both linear and nonlinear tools can be used.

Two-bus test system

V1=400 kV and X=100 Ohm

1. Power

systems are operated in the upper part of the PV-curve. This part of the PV-curve is statically and dynamically stable. 2. The head of the curve is called the maximum loading point. The critical point where the solutions unite is the voltage collapse point. The maximum loading point is more interesting from the practical point of view than the true voltage collapse point, because the maximum of power system loading is achieved at this point. The maximum loading point is the voltage collapse point when constant power loads are considered, but in general they are different.

The voltage dependence of loads affects the point of voltage collapse. The power system becomes voltage unstable at the voltage collapse point. Voltages decrease rapidly due to the requirement for an infinite amount of reactive power. The lower part of the PV-curve (to the left of the voltage collapse point) is statically stable, but dynamically unstable. The power system can only operate in stable equilibrium so that the system dynamics act to restore the state to equilibrium when it is perturbed.

Voltage stability can also called "load stability". A power system lacks the capability to transfer an infinite amount of electrical power to the loads. The problem of voltage stability concerns the whole power system, although it usually has a large involvement in one critical area of the power system.

Voltage stability is a problem in power systems which are heavily loaded, faulted or have a shortage of reactive power. The nature of voltage stability can be analyzed by examining the production, transmission and consumption of reactive power. Other factors contributing to voltage stability are the generator reactive power limits, the load characteristics, the characteristics of the reactive power compensation devices and the action of the voltage control devices.

Continuation Power Flow techniques are widely recognized as a valuable tool to determine nose curves of power systems and allow estimating the maximum loading conditions and "critical" solutions (for instance, saddle-node and limit-induced bifurcation points) The CPF technique is based on an iterative process, involving predictor and corrector steps.

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large disturbance causes the network characteristics to shrink dramatically. The characteristics of the network and load do not intersect at the instability point. A load increase beyond the voltage collapse point results in loss of equilibrium, and the power system can no longer operate. This will typically lead to cascading outages.

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France 1978 Belgium 1982 Florida USA 1985 Western France 1987 Southern Finland August 1992 WSCC USA July 2 1996

Economic cost of these collapse were estimated 5-10 billion dollars

Control devices are tuned and most effective under normal load conditions. Control devices may not function as designed when load level becomes severe and/or hierarchical assumptions are violated.
Need for intelligent online monitoring and decision making tools

Basic strategy: Apply shunt capacitor banks, mainly in distribution and load area transmission substations to minimize reactive power transmission, allowing automatically controlled reactive power reserve at generators. Design and operate transmission network for high, flat voltage profile to minimize I2X losses. Engineers must economically ensure reliable power delivery. Economical solutions often control based. Series capacitor banks, Static var compensators for shortterm voltage stability Load shedding: for Local undervoltage or wide-area.

Finding weak bus in large system and calculating risk indices. Voltage stability margin based. Thevenin equivalent basis. CPF Mathod.

Handle a few network topologies Inaccurate at different load levels Does not provide VSM margin estimation directly Nonlinear indexes to estimate VSM (SVD and Thevenin equivalent approaches)

Online voltage stability monitoring is the process of obtaining voltage stability information for a given operating scenario. The prediction should be fast and accurate such that control signals can be sent to appropriate locations quickly and effectively. Use of massive raw data or information in it and maintain a reliable and secure operation of power system.

Take into account wider load variation (50% /day is common for practical system) Provide a direct estimation of VSM in MW easy for operators to interpret (compared to indexes) Handle large size and real power system networks (wide area voltage stability margin monitoring) Make use of raw data currently gathered

Online voltage stability monitoring is the process of obtaining voltage stability information for a given operating scenario. The prediction should be fast and accurate such that control signals can be sent to appropriate locations quickly and effectively. It is a further modification of older approaches which only handle a few network topologies, inaccurate at different load level and slower also.

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