CHESTERMANS TRANSLATION NORMS (PRODUCT OR EXPECTANCY NORMS. PROFESSIONAL NORMS).

(1) Product or expectancy norms are established by the expectations of readers of a translation (of a given type) concerning what a translation (of this type) should be like. Chesterman makes two important points about these norms: (a) Expectancy norms allow evaluative judgements about translations. Readers have the ability to evaluate which translation is appropriate or acceptable.

(b) Expectancy norms are sometimes validated by a normauthority of some kind. For example, a teacher, literary critic and publishers reader. Alternatively, a literary critic may criticize a translation that offends the norm, and this criticism may damage the reception of that book among ordinary readers.

(2) Professional norms regulate the translation process itself. Chesterman proposes three kinds of professional norm: (a) The accountability norm: This is an ethical norm, dealing with professional translators loyalty to the original writer, to translation job, to himself and to his readers. (b) The communication norm: This is a social norm. The translator,the communication expert, works to ensure maximum communication between the parties. (c) The relation norm: This is a linguistic norm which deals with the relation between ST and TT.

OTHER MODELS OF DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES: LAMBERT AND THE MANIPULATION SCHOOL

With the influence of Even-Zohars and Tourys early work in polysystem theory, the International Comparative Literature Association held several meetings and conferences around the theme of translated literature. Particularly prominent centre was in Belgium. The representatives of this school are: Theo Hermans Jos Lambert Andre Lefevere.

 They

state: all translations apply manipulation of a source text for a certain purpose. Translators always manipulate of the original text to reproduce all requirements and norms of translation. key publication of this group of scholars, known as the Manipulation School or Group, was the collection of papers entitled The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation (1985), edited by Theo Hermans.

The

 Andre

Lefevere introduced the term retracted text text that has been changed for certain audience (for children). any kind of force that can positively or negatively influence on the manipulation of the source text. individuals who encourage or discourage using this kind of force.

Patronage

Patronus

key point at that time was the exact methodology for the case studies. The paper by Jos Lambert On describing translations. Lambert divides the scheme into four sections: (1) Preliminary data: information on title page, metatexts (preface, etc.) (2) Macro-level: the division of the text, titles and presentation of the chapters, structure and any authorial comment. (3) Micro-level: includes the lexical level, the grammatical patterns. (4) Systemic context: Intertextual relations (relations with other texts including translations) and intersystemic relations (relations with other genres).

LIST OF REFERENCE

Jeremy Munday / Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and applications / Jeremy Munday // Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.

a) Product or expectancy norms and process or professional norms

b) The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation

c) On describing translations d) Individuals who encourage or discourage using this kind of force e) The division of the text, titles and presentation of the chapters, authorial comment f) This is a social norm. The translator, the communication expert works to ensure maximum communication between the parties.

1. Theo Hermans 2. Macro-level 3. Chesterman

4. The communication norm

5. Jos Lambert 6. Patronus

a) Papers in Historical Poetics b) Polysystem Theory c) Canonized literature d)Non-canonized literature e) Literature is a system correlating with the other extra-literary systems. 1. Cheap entertainment literature 2. Juriy Tynjanov 3. 1970s 4. Itamar Even-Zohar 5. Major Literature

1) Initial norm 2) Adequate. 3) Acceptable 4) Preliminary norms 5) The law of interference 6) The law of growing standardization 7) Operational norms 8) Conjoint phrases a) If the shift is more towards the ST, the TT is described as b) Are divided into two main groups: Translation policy and Directness of translation c) Refers to a general choice made by translators where the norm shifts either towards the ST or the TT. d) If the shift is towards the TT, the ST is described as e) In translation, phenomena pertaining to the make-up of the source text tend to be transferred to the target text f) Involves matrical and textual linguistic norms g) Conversion of textemes into repertoremes h) Pairs of near-synonyms that function together as a single unit.