Each cell needs..

a) Nutrients ( products of digestion) and oxygen b) To have toxins (carbon dioxide & urea) removed Unicellular organisms and certain small multicellular transport substances by diffusion

A unicellular organisms does not need a special transport system to transport substances in and out of the cell The characteristics of an organism that carries out diffusion are as follows: a) It is small & thin b) The ratio of its total surface area to its volume (TSA/V) is big.

A large multicellular organism has a small TSA/V, thus exchange of substances by diffusion is difficult To overcome this problem, the organism needs a complete transport system.

The human transport system consists of the heart, blood vessels & blood which.. a) Transport gases such as oxygen & carbon dioxide b) Transport waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea

The functions of the circulatory system are.. a) To transport nutrients & oxygen to cells b) To transport waste products away from the cells c) To protect the body from infections

Blood is a connective tissue consisting of a few types of cells suspended in a liquid medium Blood is a medium of transport of substances in humans and animals

Biconcave discs which can move quickly in the blood capillaries Present in large numbers Plasma membrane is elastic Big TSA/V ratio for the exchange of respiratory gases No nucleus at the mature stage so that more haemoglobin can be carried Produced by the bone marrow Life span is 120 days, destroyed in the liver or the lymph

Granulocytes a) With granules, lobed nucleus b) Three types ~neutrophil- provides defence by phagocytosis ~eusinophil- involved in allergic responses ~basophil- has heparin

Agranulocytes a) Cytoplasm has no granules, nucleus is round b) Two types: ~lymphocytes- produce antibodies & antitoxins ~monocytes- destroy bacteria & dead cells by phagocytosis

Produced from the remnants of bone marrow cytoplasm No nucleus Have a life-span of one week

Plasma proteins serum

COMPONENTS Water

EXPLANATION 90% of the blood plasma Medium of transport & solvent for the respiratory gases, ions, products of digestion & excretion Fibrinogen- blood clotting Globulin- antibody for body defence Albumin- controls the osmotic pressure of blood Glucose, amino acids, vitamins, mineral salts, fatty acids & glycerol In the form of ions such as Na, Ca, CI, HCO Urea, carbon dioxide, uric acid

Plasma proteins

Products of digestion Mineral salts Waste products

Chemical products
Dissolved gases

Hormones such as insulin, enzymes, antibodies & antitoxins

Oxygen & carbon dioxide

3 types: 1) Artery 2) Vein 3) Capillary

CHARACTERISTICS Wall

ARTERY made of 3 layers Thick Muscular & elastic Small High Present at the base of the aorta & the pulmonary artery Oxygenated except in pulmonary artery arteriols Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of body

VEIN Made of 3 layers Thin Less muscular & less elastic Big low Present in all vein

CAPILLARY Only 1 cell thick Very thin Not muscular Very small Very low Absent

Size of lumen Blood pressure Valves

Blood Branches Main function

Deoxygenated except in pulmonary vein Venules Carries deoxygenated blood from the other part of body to the heart

Mixture of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood No Joins an arteriols & venules Allows exchange of materials between the blood & tissues Very slow

Blood flow

Fast

Slow

There are 4 compartments: the right & left atria, the right & left ventricles It divided by a septum ( muscular wall) into separate left & right halves A biscupid valve is situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle A tricuspid valve is situated between the right atrium & right ventricles

A semi-lunar valve is situated at the base of the aorta & at the base of pulmonary artery The function of valve- to stop the back flow of blood pumped The walls of the heart made up of muscles which are myogenic- they make rhythmic & automatic contractions without being stimulated by nerves