Anatomy of the Eyes

CORNEA
Makes up sixth of the outer layer of the eye that bulges forward Transparent dome which serves as the outer window of the eye Most powerful structure focusing light entering the eye

SCLERA
White opaque portion of the eye Makes up the back five sixths portion of the eye Provides protection and serves as attachment for the extra ocular muscle

CONJUNCTIVA
Clear mucous membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the eyelids and the continues on to cover the front surface of the eyeball , except for the central clear portion of the outer eye {the cornea}

IRIS
Thin diaphragm composed chiefly of connective tx and smooth muscle fibers Situated between cornea and crystalline lens Contains pigment MELANIN and LIPOCHROME responsible for eye colors

PUPIL
Regulates the amount of light passing through the retina

CRYSTALLINE LENS
Located behind the iris Enable change of focus of an object { secondary}

RETINA
Innermost layer Composed of nerve tx [receptors] that senses the light/ object for translation of the brain

TWO RECEPTORS
CONES: color sensitive, located at the center, absorbs strong light RODS: absorb soft light in black and white located peripheral to the fovea

MACULA LUTEA
Small yellowish center portion of the retina Responsible for visual acuity Fovea centralis: center of macula contains the rods and the cones

VITROUS HUMOR
Clear gel which occupies the posterior compartment of the eye

OPTIC NERVES
Cranial nerve II Is a continuation of axons and ganglion cells Connects the eye to the brain

Disturbance in visual perception

GLAUCOMA: an eye disorder characterized by increase in intra ocular pressure [ ICP]

Two Types of Glaucoma:

ACUTE GLAUCOMA: characterized by impaired vision due to intraocular tension caused by an imbalance in production and excretion of aqueous humor

 CHRONIC GLAUCOMA: characterized by impaired vision due to intraocular tension caused by an actual obstruction in the excretion of aqueous humor

CATARACTS
Is a clouding or opacity of the lens that leads to blurring vision and eventual loss of sight

Classifications of Cataracts:
SENILE: those associated with aging TRAUMATIC: associated with injury CONGENITAL: those which occurs at birth SECONDARY: those which occur following the other eye or systemic dse.

Here is what a person with cataract sees

REFRACTION ERRORS:
reduced visual acuity

error in the focusing of light by the eye and frequent reason for

EMMETROPIA: ideal vision of the eye. No refractive error present. AMETROPIA: optical defect exist MYOPIA [near sightedness]: image is focus
in front retina, distant objects appeared blurred appeared blurred, convex lens is used

HYPEROPIA [ far sightedness]: near object

 ASTIGMATISM:

refraction is equal in different meridians of eyeball

RETINAL DETACHMENT
Disorder of the eye which the retina peels away from its underlying layer of

Low Vision Blindness

Even with glasses, contact lenses, medicine and or surgery, you dont see well Can range from mild to severe

Macular Degeneration
Progressive deterioration of the macula lertea resulting in gradual loss of the central part of the visual field.

Diagnostic Evaluation
TONOMETRY: indirect measurement of IOP

Direct Opthalmoscopy
Test that allows medical professional to see inside the eyes Evaluates retinal detachment or eye dse i.e. glaucoma

Slit Lamp Examination

Examines the front eye structures i.e conjunctiva, cornea, iris, lens Detects the ff. cataracts, macular degeneration, retinal detachment and more

Ultrasonography