Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RNA
protein Proteins to deal with new environment Very important to: 1. express genes when needed 2. repress genes when not needed 3. Conserve energy resources; avoid expressing unnecessary/detrimental genes
Prokaryotic Transcription
Operons Groups of related genes transcribed by the same promoter Polycistronic RNA Multiple genes transcribed as ONE TRANSCRIPT No nucleus, so transcription and translation can occur simultaneously
RNA Structure
Contain ribose instead of deoxyribose Bases are A,G,C,U, Uracil pairs with adenine Chemical difference from DNA, but large structural differences Ability to fold into 3D shapes - can be functional
RNA synthesis
Types of RNA
Transcription
Initiation Elongation Termination
Processing
Capping Splicing Polyadenylation Turnover
Initiation
RNA polymerase Transcription factors Promoter DNA RNAP binding sites Operator repressor binding Other TF binding sites Start site of txn is +1
Holoenzyme Specific promoter binding; weak non-specific DNA binding; finds promoter 10,000 times faster.
TTGACA
TATAAT
Holoenzyme
Closed complex
mRNA
RNA polymerase
RNA nucleotide
RNA polymerase
DNA of gene
RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of DNA, following the base-pairing rules
Initiation
Terminator DNA
Elongation
Transcriptional Termination
RNA polymerase needs to end transcription at the end of the gene when it encounters the terminator sequence 2 principle mechanisms of termination in bacteria:
3 types of polymerases RNA poly I transcribes rRNA RNA pol II - transcribes mRNA RNA pol III transcribes tRNA Eukaryotes first form a pre-mRNA Pre-mRNA is then processed to form a functional RNA
Exon Intron
Exon
Intron
Exon
Splicing Introns, are spliced out Modification of the 5 end by capping Addition of guanosine and then modification by addition if methyl groups A poly A tail is added to the 3 end
DNA Cap RNA transcript with cap and tail Transcription Addition of cap and tail
Introns removed
Tail
CYTOPLASM
Figure 10.10