Name:-> Prabhjot Singh Roll No.

:-> B53

1.Introduction 2.History 3.Wind Power 4.Windmill Design 5.Types of Windmill 6.Parts of Windmill 7.Blades(Sails) 8.Guiding Principle 9.Floating Windmill 10.Applications

A windmill is a machine which converts the energy of wind into rotational motion by means of adjustable vanes called sails.

 All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth Differential heating of the earths surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earths rotation and contours of the land WIND. ~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

 A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.
The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.

P/m^2 = 6.1 x 10^-4 v^3 *The power in wind is proportional to the cubic wind speed ( v^3 ).
WHY? ~ Kinetic energy of an air mass is proportional to v^2 ~ Amount of air mass moving past a given point is proportional to wind velocity (v)

History

History
Greek engineer Heron of Alexandria in the 1st century marks one of the first known instances of wind powering a machine.

A diagram of the windwheel of Heron of Alexandria, 1st century, C.E

 A Windmill captures wind energy and then uses a generator to convert it to electrical energy. The design of a windmill is an integral part of how efficient it will be. When designing a windmill, one must decide on the size of the turbine, and the size of the generator.

The blade width, thickness, and twist is a compromise between the need for streamlining and the need for strength.

Large Turbines

Small Turbines

 Able to deliver electricity at lower cost than smaller turbines, because planning costs, etc. are independent of size. Well-suited for offshore wind plants. In areas where it is difficult to find sites, one large turbine on a tall tower uses the wind extremely efficiently.

 Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large electrical output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more suitable.
High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be economical in some areas. Landscape considerations

Vertical Axis Windmill

Horizontal Axis Windmill

Vertal axis Windmills

The first practical windmills. Invented in eastern Persia (what is now Afghanistan) in the 9th century. Used to grind grain or draw up water. Denied by the specialist of medieval European technology, Lynn White Jr.

Subsequent transformation into the horizontal-shaft windmill in Europe

Lynn White Jr. points out that there is no evidence (archaeological or documentary) that the Afghanistan-style vertical-axle windmill spread as far west as Al-Andalus, and notes that "all Iberian windmills rotated on horizontal axles until towards the middle of the fifteenth century."

movie

The front and rear sides of a wind turbine rotor blade have a shape roughly similar to that of a long rectangle, with the edges bounded by the leading edge, the trailing edge, the blade tip and the blade root. The blade root is bolted to the hub.

If a blade were sawn in half, one would see that the cross section has a streamlined asymmetrical shape, with the flattest side facing the oncoming air flow or wind. This shape is called the blades aerodynamic profile

P.v = Const. P:-> Pressure v:-> Velocity

The majority of windmills had four sails. The earliest record of a multisailed mill in the United Kingdom was the five sail Flint Mill. More multi-sailed windmills were found than anywhere else in the United Kingdom. There were five, six and eight sail windmills.

 If a four sail windmill suffers a damaged sail, the one opposite can be removed and the mill will work with two sails, generating about 60% of the power that it would with all four sails. A six sail mill can run with two, three, four or six sails. A five sail mill can only run with all five sails. If one is damaged then the mill is stopped until it is replaced

An eight sail mill can run with two, four, six or eight sails, thus allowing a number of options if an accident occurs

Alternative Emergency
Energy is a major factor in todays society Alternative fuel and alternative energy resources are in great demand Most everyone in the world is looking for more energy-efficient ways to live Hybrid vehicles and other fuel-efficient technology is arising around the world The world has to change, this emergency that we are experiencing today should have been taken care of long before now. Now we have no choice but to develop new technology in very little time

Floating Windmills

Floating Windmills
Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 meters.

Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles.

Background Information
Developed by Hydro, a Norwegian offshore producer of oil and gas and the third largest aluminum supplier in the world. Hydro is a fortune 500 country that was founded in 1905, with 33,000 employees in 40 countries Hydro has researched this plan for more many years, and the results look promising.

Introduction to Floating Windmills

An alternative energy resource that doesnt require use of fossil fuel Size and structure:
Windmills will reach 80 meters above the surface Rotors on the windmill will have a diameter of 90 meters Windmills secured by cables that are connected to oceans floor

Goals and Objectives

Image stolen from:http://www.hydro.com/library/images/press_ro om/news/2005_11/vind_02.jpg

To have large-scale offshore wind parks with up to 200 turbines capable of producing up to 4 terawatt hours per year and delivering renewable electricity to both offshore and onshore activities To take advantage of wind resources where it blows the most at sea. Help energy poor areas where there is little land space but great offshore wind conditions (United States) This kind of electricity will be enough to serve some 200,000 average households.

Facts
These new floating windmills are possibly one of the best alternative energy sources available. Also, these new floating windmills cost one-third of what the current offshore windmill costs. The windmills could be moved to different locations if the need arises. The electricity will be brought to land by large electrical cables. The energy could also be brought to offshore oil producers to power their needs

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump.

Grinding mill powered by the wind, reduce a solid or coarse substance into pulp or minute grains, by crushing, grinding, or pressing.

A sawmill is a facility where logs are cut into boards.

Wood traveling on Saw-Mill machinery

A hammermill is a machine whose purpose is to shred or crush aggregate material into smaller pieces.

Hammer-mill for milling grains

Hammer mill apple shredder for juicing

A windpump is a windmill used for pumping water, either as a source of fresh water from wells, or for draining low-lying areas of land.
Water pump on Oak-Park