Statistical Quality Control

7 Basic Tools for Quality Improvement

What are 7 basic Tools ?
A basic technique that is used in solving problems concerning Quality,costs and production problems that arise in the workplace.
The tools are :
1. Pareto Diagrams 2. Cause and effect Diagram 3.Flow charts and Graphs 4. Check sheets 5. Histograms 6.Control Charts 7.Scatter
Diagrams.

1. PARETO DIAGRAMS - Focus on key problems 2. CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM - Find and cure causes
1. Decide which problem
you want to know more 1. Select the Health SPIRIT
about. Blade Wrapping Defects most Encouragement
Relax
appropriate
2. Choose the causes or Reset Pride
35 cause and
problems that will be Nutrition Fighting spirit
effect format.
monitored, compared or Meal Devvotion
ranked. 2. Generate the Quantity confidence
30
cause needed
3. Choose the most Defeat
to build a
meaningful unit of in a
25 cause and
measurement. Cricket
effect diagram. Information Power Match
4. Choose the period for 20 3. Construct Study of opponent Motion
study. the cause and Analysis Speed
effect diagram. Rules Schedule
5. Gather the necessary 15 Exercise
data on each problem. 4. Make sure
6. Compare the relative every one
10 agrees on the
frequency or cost of each Strategy Technique
problem category. problem
5 statement.
7. List the problem
categories on the 5. Include as
horizontal line and 0 much
frequency on vertical line. 1 2 3 4 5 information as
possible.
8. Draw the cumulative
percentage 6. Interpret or Page # 1
Aziz Alam line showing test for Root
the portions of the total
Pakistan Institute
that each problemof Quality Control cause.
category represents.
Statistical Quality Control

7 Basic Tools for Quality Improvement

Flow Chart
An illustration of the actual sequence of Processes that
make the work.It can be used to describe the current work
flow, whether simple or complex.
GRAPHS
One of the most appealing and convincing ways in which
Statistical data may be presented is through GRAPHS.
It gives a bird’s eye view of a given set of numerical data.
Graphs facilitate comparison and reveal trends.

3. FLOW CHART 3A. GRAPHS

1. When you create a flow Receive 1. Every Graph should

chart, use the following Pictures & have a suitable Title.
symbols. Text 2. Proper proportion 200

Box -Activities No between length and breadth 150

Circle - Input /Output Are P &T accept Discard
generally 1.5 : 1 to be kept.
3.Scale should be in multiples 100
Diamond - Decision of 5,10,20 etc.
Distribute to
Ph
Common Types of Graphs. 50
xt

oto
Dept.Heads
Te

Arrow -Direction of Flow 1. Bar Graph - used to show

s
2. Gather a group of people. 0
quantities of different 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
who represent the various Prepare Text Layout text Prepare
& Photos Photographs characteristics relative to each North 45.9 46.9 45 43.9
activities performed.
other. West 30.6 38.6 34.6 31.6
3. Decide where the work
Final Proof 2. Pie chart - Used to shares East 20.4 27.4 90 20.4
begins and ends.
of
4. List main activities,
Print News letter different characteristics.
Inputs/Outputs and decision
3. Line Graph - used to show
points.
changes w.r.t.Time.
5. Create separate flow chart Distribute
to clarify complex activities. Newsletter

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Pakistan Institute of Quality Control
Statistical Quality Control

7 Basic Tools for Quality Improvement

CHECK SHEETS HISTOGRAMS
.
It is used to systematically record and compile data from Used to summarize data from a process that has been
historical sources, or observations as they happen, so that collected over a period of time, and graphiccally present
patterns and trends can be clearly detected and shown. its frequency distribution in bar form.

4 . CHECK SHEETS - Counting &accumulating data 5. HISTOGRAM - Process Centering, Spread and Shape

1. Agree on definition of the Check Sheet for Variables 1. Decide on process

events or conditions being measure. 90
Reading
Tally Marks Total
observed. 2. 505 ./ 1
2. Gather data. 80

2. Decide who will collect data, 2. 504 ./// 3 3. Prepare a frequency table 70
2. 503 ./// 3
over what period, and from 2. 502 .///// .//// 9 from the data.
60

2. 501 .///// .///// .///// ./// 18 50

what sources. 2. 500 .///// .///// .///// .///// .///// .//// 29 4.Draw a Histogram from
2. 499 .///// .///// .///// ./ 16
the frequency table.
40
3. Design a Check Sheet form 2. 498 .///// .///// ./// 13
.///// 5 X-axis - scale related to
30
that is clear,complete and easy 2. 497
2. 496 ..// 2 20
to use. 2495 ./ 1 variable. 10
100
4. Collect the data consistently Y-axis - frequency scale. 0

and accurately. 1st Q tr 2nd Q tr 3rd Q tr 4th Q tr

5. Interpret the Histogram

a) Centering requirements
b) Variation
c) Shape
d) Process Capability

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Pakistan Institute of Quality Control
Statistical Quality Control

7 Basic Tools for Quality Improvement

CONTROL CHARTS
Control charts are used to monitor, control and improve process
performances over time by studying variations and its source.
They provide common language for discussing process
performance.
.SCATTER DIAGRAM
These diagrams are used to study and identify the possible
relationship between the changes observed in two different
sets of variables.

6. CONTROL CHARTS - Recognizing sources of variations 7. SCATTER DIAGRAM - Measuring relationships between variables.

1.Select the process to be charted. X-bar chart 1. Collect 50 -100 paired samples
2.Determine sampling method and of data that you think may be
plan. related and construct a data sheet.
100
UCL 90
3. Initiate data collection. 2. Draw the horizontal (x-axis) 80

4. Calculate the appropriate CL and vertical (y-axis) lines of the

70
60
statistics. If you have attribute data, diagram. 50
40
use attribute data table for control 3. Plot the data on the diagram. 30

limits, and if the data is variable LCL 20

4. Interpret the data.
,use table for variable data. Sample 10

5. The following five correlation 0

5. Construct the control charts. R - chart may exist :

0 2 4 6

6. Draw solid horizontal line for I) Positive Correlation

process average and dashed lines ii) Possible positive Correlation.
for upper and lower control limits. iii) No Correlation.
7. Analyze the data relative to the iv) Possible negative Correlation.
control limits. V) Negative Correlation.

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