Product Quality Inspection

By: Erik Martin

Penn Sate University
 What will be covered

This presentation deals with the

question of describing and
evaluating product quality
inspection processes.
 What is to be discussed
• Classification of • Practical examples of
characteristics effectiveness and
proposed for efficiency analysis,
describing the effects using numerical data.
of industrial
processes.
• Formulation of
definitions of the
effectiveness and
efficiency coefficients
of quality inspection
processes.
 Designating the effects of the
process
• Ontological • Axiological
designations

-describe the effect of -the determination of

the process in respect the relative worth of
of quantity, quality, or the process results.
financial value.
 Organizational usefulness
• Using some simple mathematical
equations and some data from earlier
productions, one can use those particular
figures to demonstrate the practical
usefulness of the characteristics of the
effectiveness of the quality inspection
process.
 How it works
• Taking concepts and data; inspection
processes are very important in many
companies.
 Notation for the main characteristics of the
quality inspection process.
• Of(0), If(0) - are, respectively, the rejection losses and
the total outlay for the inspection and preventive
actions in the previous calculation period.

• OFA, IFA - are the expected losses and planned

outlay in the present period.

• OFP, IFP - are the actual losses and costs in the

present period.
Selection of the most effective or the most efficient
system of inspection and preventive action.

Type of Designations of
the process
designatio
n
assessment effectivenes Efficiency
s
ontological Ex-ante EOA= Of(0) - OFA SOA = OF(O) –
OFA/
IFA
ontological Ex-post EOB= OF(0) - SOB=OF(O) –
OFP OFP/
IFP
axiological Ex-post EAB = OF(O)- SAB = (SOB)(SOA)
The mathematical model for the optimization of the
effectiveness of a quality inspection process takes
2 forms.
• Minimize the total expected loss OFA

• Maximize the expected efficiency SOA

Examples of 2 quality inspection
processes process A
Number of Process Actual Actual Actual
the fraction inspection rejection outlay
production defective operation probability
phase
1 .2 None 0 0

2 .2 None 0 0

3 .3 Type 3 8 300
Second example Process B

Number of Process Actual Actual Actual

the fraction inspection rejection outlay
production defective operation probability
phase
1 0 none 0 0

2 .077 Type 2 .95 166,490

3 .087 Type 2 .932 224,130

4 .073 Type 2 .947 427,200

Actual values of the outlay and the rejection losses
in the previous period were

• Process A : IFP = 300; OFP = 4790

• Process B : IFP = 817,820

OFP= 5,282,180
 Results of investigations

Production Expected Obtained

process
effectiveness Efficiency effectiveness Efficiency

EOA SOA EOB / EAB SOB / SAB

A 345.6 1.15 170 / .49 .57 / .49

B 25,481,000 31.16 25,528,820 31.22 / 1.00

 Conclusion of process A
• The actual system of inspection
operations for the production process A is
both ineffective, since the real effect is half
as high as the expected result, and
inefficient, since the decrease in the
rejection losses is lower than the outlay for
the inspection performance; the real
efficiency is half as high as the expected
result.
 Conclusion of process B
• The actual organization of the quality
inspection is much better: the real effect is
nearly equal to the expectations (EAB = 1);
the efficiency of quality inspection is both
near to the expected efficiency (SAB = 1)
and also high in absolute numbers (SOB =
31.22, I.e. one unit of the outlay produces
31 units of the effect, which means a
reduction in losses.
 summary
• Quality inspection is useful
• Quality inspection is effective
• Quality inspection is efficient
• Quality inspection is necessary
 references
• Hall, M. and Winsten, C., 1965. A dictionary of the Social
Sciences. New York.
• Lubicz, M., 1983. On the problem of optimization of a
quality inspection process structure.. Int. J. Prod. Res.,
21(3): 369.
• Lubicz, M., 1979. Investigations of decision premises for
product quality formation. Ph. Thesis, Techn. Univ.
Wroclaw.
• Milward, G.E., 1960. Organization and Methods.
MacMillan, London.