PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF QUALITY CONTROL

OHSAS 18001
Awareness Course
 Ai
m
Provides an understanding of the
requirements of Occupational health &
Safety Management System.
Provide an interpretation of OHSAS
18001 standard.
Provide understanding of the
requirements of how Hazard & Risk can
be identified, assessed controlled and
managed.
 1
Introduction
to Safety and
Health
Management
Definitions
Accident

Undesired event giving rise to

death, ill health, injury, damage or
other loss.

(OHSAS 18001, 3.1)

 Definitions
Incident
Event that gives rise to an
accident or had the potential to
lead to an accident
NOTE: An incident where No ill health, injury, damage, or
other loss occurs is also referred to as “near-miss”. The
term “Incident” includes “Near-miss”
(OHSAS 18001, 3.6)
 Definitions
Occupational Health & Safety

Conditions and factors that effect the

well being of employees, temporary
workers, contractor personnel, visitors
and any other person in the work place.

(OHSAS 18001,3.14)
 Definitions
Non-conformance
Any deviation from work standards,
practices, procedures, regulations,
management system performance etc.
that could either directly or indirectly
lead to injury or illness, property
damage, damage to the workplace
environment, or a combination of these.

(OHSAS 18001, 3.8)

 Definitions

Risk
Combination of the likelihood and
consequence(s) of a specified
hazardous event occurring

(OHSAS 18001, 3.14)

Sources of Risks
• Products
• Materials and their
properties
• Work processes and
procedures
• Equipment
• Personnel
• Workplace and location
• Natural environment,
climatic conditions
• External / interested
parties
 Costs of
Accident
• Property damage
•
• Production stoppages
• Replacement of equipment
$ 5-50 • Additional labour cost to replace
$100000?
injured personnel
• Emergency supplies, cleanup costs
• Investigation costs
• Legal procedures and costs
Property • Penalties, fines
Damage and
• Administrative costs
Other
Uninsured • Morale and motivation of workers and
costs new hires
• Loss of reputation, goodwill and
business opportunities
 Causes And Control
Model
Causes
Root Immediate
Causes Causes Contacts Accidents
Individual & Unsafe Acts
Occupational and
Factors Conditions

Programs Response
Checks Contact
and &
and Controls
Procedure Mitigation
Correction
s /
s
Reduction

Control Manageme
s nt System
Identify all Hazards
& Loss Exposures

Evaluate the Risk

Develop Controls

Goals of Implement Controls

Risk
Manageme Review Adequacy
of Controls

nt
 OHSAS 18001:1999
• Sets out requirements for OH&S management
system
• Similar to ISO 9001 and 14001
• Not industry specific
• Describes good management practice but
does not state how procedures and controls
are to be operated
• Does not state specific OH&S performance
criteria
• Applicable to small or large organizations
• Applicable to any industry, organisation or
activities
 OHSAS 18001:1999
• Establish an OH&S management system
• Implement, maintain and continually
improve an OH&S management system
• Assure conformance with its stated OH&S
policy
• Demonstrate such conformance to others
• Seek certification/registration of its OH&S
management system
Interrelation of OHSAS 18001
Clauses
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment

Policy

Objectives

Procedures Programmes

Monitoring
Audit

Corrective / Preventive Action

Review
 Integrated
Management

}
ISO 9001

ISO 14001

OHSAS 18001
Many Common
Elements
 Deming’s
Cycle

PLAN

ACT DO

CHECK
OHSAS 18001

Continual
Improvement

OHS Policy

Management
Review
Planning

Checking and
Corrective Action

Implementatio
n
& Operation
OHSAS 18001 Benefits
Enable organization to:

• Establish H&S policy

• Identify H&S hazards and
determine risks
• Identify priorities and
objectives
• Establish structure and
program
• Facilitate planning, control ,
monitoring , corrective
2
Safety and
Health Policy,
Legal and Other
Requirements
Top Management
Responsibility

"There shall be an
occupational health and
safety policy authorized by
the organization’s top
management,..."

(OHSAS 18001 Clause 4.2)

The policy shall: …
a) be appropriate to
the nature and
scale of the
organization’s
OH&S risks;
(OHSAS 18001 Clause 4.2a)

Policy Linked to
Hazards
 Other References to Legal
Requirements in OHSAS 18001

Clause 4.2 OH&S policy

"The policy shall: …

c) include a commitment to at least comply

with current applicable OH&S legislation
and with other requirements to which the
organization subscribes; ..."
Communication of Policy
The policy shall: ...
e) be communicated to all
employees with the intent
that employees are made
aware of their individual
OH&S obligations;

(OHSAS 18001 Clause 4.2e)

 Legal and Other
Requirements
The organization shall establish and maintain
a procedure for identifying and accessing the
legal and other OH&S requirements that are
applicable to it.

The organization shall keep this information

up-to-date. It shall communicate relevant
information on legal and other requirements
to its employees and other relevant
interested parties.

(OHSAS 18001 Clause 4.3.2)

 Other References to Legal
Requirements in OHSAS 18001

Clause 4.3.3 Objectives

"... When establishing and reviewing its

objectives, an organization shall consider
its legal and other requirements, its OH&S
hazards and risks, its technological
options, its financial, operational and
business requirements, and the views of
interested parties."
 Risk Management
Communicate and Consult Process
Establish
Establish the
the Context
Context

Identify Risk

Monitor and Review

Assess Risks

Analyze Risks
Analyze Risk

Evaluate Risks
Evaluate Risk

Treat Risk
3 Management
Control of
Hazards
 Management
Responsibility
• OHSAS 18001 provides a
systematic structure for
organizations to manage
hazards from the planning
design stage to operational
control stage, and down to
emergency response
• Participation and understanding
is required from all relevant
levels and functions of
management
 Management
Responsibility

Management should be
aware of the process of risk
creation and their role in
managing it.
 Types of Hazard
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
• Ergonomics
 Physical Hazards
• Noise
• Vibration
• Radiation
• Temperature
• Pressure,Velocity,Hei
ght
• Electricity
• Physical
characteristics
 Chemical Hazards
• Explosives
• Flammable liquids
• Corrosives
• Oxidizing materials
• Toxic, carcinogenic,
substances
• Gases and air
particulate
Biological Hazards
• Biological wastes (blood, fluids,
etc.)
• Drugs (antibiotics, marijuana)
• Viruses, bacteria
• Parasites, insects
• Poisonous or diseased plants,
animals
Ergonomic Hazards

• Physical
• Environmental
• Psycho-Social
Ergonomic Hazards

Physical
• Poor work,task design
• Repetitive motion
• Prolonged sitting
• Poor layout
• Poor posture
• Improper lifting and handling
 Ergonomic Hazards

Environmental
• Poor lighting,glare
• Poor ventilation
• Poor temperature control
• Poor humidity control
 Ergonomic Hazards
Psycho-social
• Work rest cycles
• Violence,discrimination
• Extraneous stress
• Un even work load
• Lack of personnel space
• Poor inter staff relationships
4
Hazard
Identification,
Risk
Assessment
and Risk
Control
Definition

HAZARD
Source or situation with a potential
for harm in terms of human injury
or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the work place
environment, or a combination of
these.
Definition

Hazard Identification

Process of recognizing that a

hazard exists and defining its
characteristics.
Definition

Risk

– Combination of the likelihood and

consequence(s) of a specified
hazardous event occurring.

– (OHSAS 18001,3.14)
 Analysis of Clause 4.3.1
HIRARC

• The organization must have records

of the results of the hazard
identification and risk assessment
process(es) to demonstrate
conformance to the requirements of
clause 4.3.1
 Methods of
HIRARC
Risk Assessment is simply asking:

How
How bad likely ???
can it
be ???
Can we
What can go
tolerate it ???
wrong ???
 Methods of
HIRARC
Ideally, HIRARC should be able:
• to identify all loss exposures
• to foresee all possible events and
their consequences
• to assess the risk accurately and
identify significant risks
• to develop the most cost-effective
control measures
Complete and Comprehensive
HIRARC

Occupations

Processes
Machines
Hazards &
Equipmen
Work
Area t
Energy
s
Sources &
Substance
s
Risk Management / Control Principle
The 6 - Step Process

1. Identify
6. Supervise
the Hazards
The Hazards
and Review

5. Risk Control 2. Assess

Implementation the Risks

4. Make 3. Analyze
Control Risk Control
Decisions Measures
Risk Assessment Matrix
Severity
Low consequence Very Severe

1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 3 4 5
Low
Probability

2 2 4 6 8 10
3 3 6 9 12 15
4 4 8 12 16 20
High

5 5 10 15 20 25
 A Simple Risk
Assessment
R = (P) x (S)

R = Risk
P = Probability of occurrence /
Likelihood
S = Severity of effect
(consequence)
 Linked to Clause 4.5.2
Accidents, incidents, non-conformances and
corrective and preventive action

"... these procedures shall require

that all proposed corrective and
preventive actions shall be
reviewed through the risk
assessment process prior to
implementation. ..."
 Linked to Clause 4.5.2
Accidents, incidents, non-conformances and
corrective and preventive action

This requirement essentially requires

the organization to manage all
changes arising from corrective and
preventive actions. The organization
may set up different risk assessment
processes to assess different
categories of change.
 Two Approaches to
Control
Changes to the
existing
methods and
arrangements
Implementing
operational
control on existing
methods and
arrangements
Preventive Stage

Corrective Stage

Contact Stage

Loss Minimization
Stages of Controls

Stage
5 Objectives
and
Management
Programmes
Clause 4.3.3 Objectives
“the organization shall establish
and maintain documented
occupational health and safety
objectives, at each relevant
function and level within the
organization.

Note:Objectives should be quantified

where ever practicable
 Contents of Objectives

• S & H performance improvement and risk

reduction objectives.
• Technology or facility (Improvement
objective)
• Management and System (Improvement
objective)
• Fact finding monitoring objective.
 Clause 4.3.4 OH & S
Management Program(s)
The organization shall establish and
maintain (an) OH&S management
programme(s) for achieving its
objectives. This shall include
documentation of: responsibility and
• The designated
authority for achievement of the
objectives at relevant functions and
levels of the organization; and
• The means and time-scale by which
objectives are to be achieved
 Clause 4.3.4 OH & S
Management Program(s)
The OH & S management program
(s) shall be reviewed at regular
and planned intervals. Where
necessary the OH & S
management program (s) shall be
amended to address changes to
activities, products, services, or
operating conditions of the
organization
 6
Implementation
and Operation
 Deming’s
Cycle

PLAN

ACT DO

CHECK
 Clause 4.4 Implementation
and Operation
• Structure and responsibilities
• Training, awareness and competence
• Consultation and communication
• Documentation
• Document Control
• Operational Control
• Emergency preparedness and response
 4.4.1 Structure and
responsibilities
The roles, responsibilities and authorities
of personnel who manage, perform and
verify activities having an effect on the
OH&S risks of the organization’s activities,
facilities and processes, shall be defined,
documented and communicated in order to
facilitate OH&S management.
 4.4.1 Structure and
responsibilities
Ultimate responsibility for occupational
health and safety rests with top
management.

The organization shall appoint a member of

top management (e.g. in a large
organization, a board or executive
committee member) with particular
responsibility for ensuring that the OH&S
management system is properly
implemented and performing to
requirements in all locations and spheres of
 4.4.1 Structure and
responsibilities
The organization’s management appointee shall
have defined roles, responsibilities and
authority for:
• Ensuring that OH&S management system
requirements are established, implemented
and maintained in accordance with this OHSAS
specification;
• Ensuring that reports on the performance of
the OH&S management system are presented
to top management for review and as a basis
for improvement of the OH&S management
system.
 Clause 4.4.2 Training,
awareness and competence
"Personnel shall be competent to perform
tasks that may impact on OH&S in the
workplace. Competence shall be defined in
terms of appropriate education, training
and/or experience.
 Clause 4.4.2 Training,
awareness and competence

It shall establish and maintain

procedures to ensure that its
employees working at each relevant
function and level are aware of:
• The importance of conformance to the
OH&S policy and procedures, and to
the requirements of the OH&S
management system;
Clause 4.4.3 Consultation and
communication
"The organization shall have
procedures for ensuring that
pertinent OH&S information is
communicated to and from
employees and other
interested parties.

Employee involvement and

consultation arrangements
shall be documented and
interested parties informed.
 Clause 4.4.4
Documentation
"The organization shall establish and
maintain information, in a suitable
medium such as paper or electronic
form, that: the core elements of the
• Describes
management system and their interaction;
and
• Provides direction to related documentation.
NOTE:It is important that documentation is kept
to the minimum required for
effectiveness and efficiency."
 Clause 4.4.5 Document and
data control

The organization shall establish and maintain

procedures for controlling all documents and
data required by this OHSAS specification to
ensure that:
• They can be located;
• They are periodically reviewed, revised
as necessary and approved for
adequacy by authorized personnel;
 Clause 4.4.5 Document and
data control
• Current versions of relevant documents and
data are available at all locations where
operations essential to the effective
functioning of the OH&S system are
performed;
• Obsolete documents and data are promptly
removed from all points of issue and points of
use or otherwise assured against unintended
use; and
• Archival documents and data retained for
legal and knowledge preservation purposes
Introduction to
Document and Data
Control
Right information is available

In the right place

At the right
time
In the right
revision
7 Operational
Control and
Emergency
Preparedness
 Clause 4.4.6 Operational
Control
The organization shall identify those
operations and activities that are
associated with identified risks
where control measures need to be
applied.
 Clause 4.4.6 Operational
Control
The organization shall plan these
activities, including maintenance, in
order to ensure that they are carried
out under specified conditions by:

• Establishing and maintaining

documented procedures to cover
situations where their absence could
lead to deviations from the OH&S policy
and the objectives;
 Clause 4.4.6 Operational
Control
• Stipulating operating criteria in the
procedures;
• Establishing and maintaining procedures
related to the identified OH&S risks of
goods, equipment and services
purchased and/or used by the
organization and communicating
relevant procedures and requirements to
suppliers and contractors;
 Clause 4.4.6 Operational
Control
• Establishing and maintaining
procedures for the design of
workplace, process, installations,
machinery, operating procedures and
work organization, including their
adaptation to human capabilities, in
order to eliminate or reduce OH&S
risks at their source
 Operational Control
• Provision of appropriate data
• Provision of appropriate trained
personnel
• Provision of documented procedures,
instructions and forms describing
controls to be applied by reference to the
Personnel
appropriate:
Equipment
Ambient conditions / operational
environment
Material
Information
 5 Elements of Control
Personnel Equipment
Identified Identified
Competent Correct Type
Trained Capability
Correct Attributes Condition
Available
PRO Available
CES
S

Materials Information
Identified Identified
Correct Type Adequate Content
Correct Condition Correct Edition
Available Correct Condition
Communicated
Ambient Available
Conditions
(Environment)
Suitable
Emergency Preparedness

Is the last chance you

have to minimise the
losses
 Clause 4.4.7 Emergency
Preparedness and
Response
• The organization shall establish
and maintain plans and procedures
to identify the potential for, and
response to ,incidents and
emergency situations,and for
preventing and mitigating the likely
illness and injury that may be
associated with them.
 Clause 4.4.7 Emergency
Preparedness and
Response
• The organization shall review its
emergency preparedness and
response plans and procedures,in
particular after the occurrence of
incidents or emergency situations.
• The organization shall also
periodically test such procedures
where practicable.
Management Control Of
Hazards
• Chemical handling • Hot Work
• Compressed Gases • Lifting Equipment
• Confined Spaces • Mobile Equipment-
• Ergonomics Forklift & Industrial
• Fire Prevention Trucks
• Stairs & Stairways
• Hazards Waste
Disposal • Ladders
• Machine Tools and • Scaffoldings
Powered Machinery
 Permit-to-Work /
Subcontractor Working on Site
Examples of jobs requiring
permits are:

2. Hot Work
3. Cold Work
4. Electrical Work
5. Confined Space Entry
6. Excavations & Civil Work
7. Vehicle Entry
8. Radiography
8
Checking,
Corrective Action,
and
Management Review
 OHSAS 18001
4.5.1 Performance measurement and
monitoring
4.5.2 Accidents, incidents, non-
conformance and corrective
and preventive action
4.5.3 Records and records
measurement
4.5.4 Audit
4.6 Management review
 4.5.1 Performance
measurement and
monitoring
• Qualitative and
Quantitative
• Proactive and
Reactive
• Extent OH&S
Objectives are met
 4.5.1 Performance
measurement and
monitoring
Proactive Performance
Measures

• Compliance with
S&H programs
• Operational criteria
• Compliance with
legislation &
regulatory
requirements
 4.5.1 Performance
measurement and
monitoring
Reactive Performance
Measures

• Accidents
• Ill health
• Incidents, including
near-misses
• Other deficiencies
 4.5.2 Accidents, incidents, non-
conformances and corrective and
preventive action

Immediate
General Action
Recording

Process Investigation

Preventive Corrective
Follow-up Action Action
4.5.3 Records and records
management
Records should be appropriate
to:
• the system
• the organisation
• demonstrate conformance
to the “standard”
4.5.3 Records and records
management
Should have procedures for:

• Identification
• Maintenance
• Disposition
 4.5.4 Audit
To assess performance and
adequacy in delivering performance:
• Assess compliance
to standard
• Determine if the
system is effective
in meeting the
organisation’s
policy and
objective
 Internal Audit
Programme
OHSAS 18001, Clause 4.5.4
The organization shall establish and
maintain an audit program(s) and
procedures for periodic OH&S
management system audits to be carried
out , in order to:
a) determine whether or not the OH&S:
1) conforms to planned arrangements for
environmental management including the
requirements of this OHSAS Specification;
and
2) has been properly implemented and
maintained; and
3) is effective in meeting the organisation’s
policy and objectives
contd.. over
 Internal Audit
Programme
OHSAS 18001, Clause 4.5.4
b) review the results of previous audits
c) provide information on the results of
audits to management

The audit program, including any schedule, shall

be based on the results of risk assessments of the
organization’s activities and the results of previous
audits. The audit procedures shall cover the scope,
frequency, methodologies and competencies, as
well as the responsibilities and requirements for
conducting audits and reporting results.
 4.6
Management
Review
Consider issues such as:
• The topics to be addressed
• Who should attend
• Responsibilities of individual
participants
• Information to be brought to
the review
 4.6
Management
Review
Agenda
• suitability of current OH & S policy
• setting or updating of OH & S objectives
for continual improvement in the
forthcoming period
• adequacy of current hazard
identification, risk assessment and risk
control processes
• current levels of risk and the
effectiveness of existing control
measures ...
 4.6
Management
Review

Company needs to
complete at least one
management review prior
to any certification audit
9
Certification
Audit
 Certification Process
Pre-Audit
(Stage 1)

Document
Review

Certification
Audit
(Stage 2)
 Certification
Approach
• Pre-Audit (On-site review - required
for most clients)
– Certification audit preparation & planning
– Determine state of readiness
– Client planning meets standard’s
requirements
• Certification Audit (On-site review)
– Implementation
– Effectiveness
 Objectives of Certification
Audit
• Confirm complies with “standard”
• Determine management system is based
on identified hazards and is appropriate to
risk
• Determine management system is
designed to achieve and is achieving
regulatory compliance and continual
improvement
• Confirm organisation comlpiance with own
policies and procedures
• Ensure certification body’s reputation and
the value of third party certification