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CHAPTER 1 FORM 5
Haemolymph in insects
1. Tubular heart pump the haemolymph into the fluid-filled spaces called haemocoel 2. Haemolymph bathes tissues and internal organ directly 3. Nutrients and hormones diffuse from haemolymph into the cells 4. Waste product diffuse from the cells into the surrounding haemolymph
VENULES
ARTERY Tranport blood away from the heart Transport oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Thick muscular walls No valves except semilunar valves at thebase of the aorta and pulmonary artery
CAPILLARIES Connect arterioles to venules Act as the site for exchange of substances with the cells Thinnest walls ,one cell thickness No valves
VEINS Transport blood to the heart Transport deoxygenated blood (except the pulmonary vein) Thinner walls Valves present to prevent back flow of blood
Blood flow in pulse No pulse. Pressure under high lower than arteries pressure but higher than veins
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEART
Dark red cone- shaped muscular organ found in thoracic cavity Size- a clenched fist ,weight- 350 to 450 gram Location-between lung, apex slightly oriented to the left Consist of-1. two upper thin walls (atria) 2.two lower thick walls (ventricle) 3. septum- separate right chamber & left chamber 4. valves-ensure blood flow in one direction only. Myogenic cardiac muscles- not controlled by a nervous system
VALVES
1. Left atrium and left ventricle ( biscupid valve) 2. Right atrium and right ventricle( triscupid valve) 3. Aorta and pulmonary artery(semilunar valves)
Waves seperated to the two atria Atria contract simultaneously Blood is forced from the atria to the ventricles
Impulse from AV nod is conducted by bundle of his and purkinje fibres. This impulse is conducted to ventricle. Ventricle contract and pump blood out of the heart.
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
Small artificial pacemaker placed in upper chest Pacemaker generates electrical impulse which are conducted by wire to the heart to control heartbeat
CARDIAC CYCLE
Series of event that occur during one complete heartbeat includes-1. contraction (systole) 2. relaxation (diastole) average heart rate 72 heartbeat per minutes
Increase in contraction of cardiac muscle of the heart and smooth muscli of the artery
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
BLOOD CLOTTING
NECESSARY FOR BLOOD CLOTTING
Prevent the entry of foreign particles and microorganism into the body Prevent excessive blood loss Maintain the circulation of blood in a closed circulatory system Maintain normal blood pressure
PLATELETS
THROMBOKINASE
THROMBIN
calcium
PROTHROMBIN
Vitamin k
FIBRIN
FIBRINOGEN
Blood from the arteries flow at a high pressure into the blood capillaries High pressure force some fluid out through the capillary walls into the intercellular space between the cell. Fluid that fill up the space between body cell is known as interstitial fluid
Help substances to diffuse in and out of the body Oxygen, nutrient and hormone diffuse from the interstitial fluid to the body cell Waste product like urea and carbon dioxide pass from the body cell to the interstitial fluid
Blood plasma
Interstitial fluid
Inside blood vessels In the intercellular spaces Oxygenated blood Leucocytes, platelet, erythrocytes More Low Oxygenated blood Only leucocytes
Less Low
More High
When an infection occurs,neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the infected area, attracted by chemical produced at the site of infection
The phagocytes move towards the pathogen and engulf them by phagocytosis
Digestive enzymes are secreted into the phagocytic vacoules to destroy and digest the bacteria
Useful soluble products are absorbed and assimilated by the phagocytes (sometimes phagocytes are destroy by toxins)
Phagocytosis
Opsonisation :
Neutralisation :
Antibodies that binds to antigens to acts as markers so, antigens can be easily recognised and destoy it
Antibody binds to toxins , neutralises the toxin produced. This prevent toxin molcule from attaching to cell and causing damage
Lysis :
Types of Immunity :
Active - Body produce its own antibody
Natural -Acquired after a person recovers from an infection -Permanet immunity - examples : chickenpox
Artifical -Obtained through injection of serum which contain spesific antibodies from blood of human or animals - example: snake bites
HIV :
Virus that attacks human immune system T-lymphocytes Leads to AIDS Symptoms : - immune system become weakened - weight loss - decrease the function of nervous system
Transmission of HIV :
- sexual contact - pregnat mum(HIV transfer through placenta) - contaminated neddles used to inject drugs However, pregnant mum can prevent it with proper medical treatment
Prevention of AIDS :
1. Do educational programmes 2. Blood products used should be treated to destroy the virus 3. Until now, no vaccine for AIDS although certain drugs may retard the progress of disease
THE NECESSITY FOR TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS Carbon Dioxide - absorbed and transported to photosynthesing cells
Oxygen released from photosynthesing cells into the atmosphere Water & minerals absorbed by the roots have to be transported to all parts of the plant Photosynthetic products transported away from the leaves for storage & to others tissue needing them
Mineral ions required for chlorophyll synthesis, healthy plant growth & deveploment
Plants have a slower & less elaborate transport system than the blood circulatory system of animals
Vascular system are formed by the xylem & phloem tissues The roles of the vascular tissues : ~ The xylem : give support & transport water and minerals ions from the roots to the upper parts of the plant ~ The phloem : transport organic food substances synthesis by the leaves during photosynthesis to other parts of plant
salts from the roots to other parts of plant o Xylem consists : a) Tracheids conducting cells *dead cells with lignified walls, but they do not have open ends b) Vessels conducting cells * It cell walls are strengthened by lignin to prevents the collapse of the vessels & provide mechanical supports c) Parenchyma storage of food
Translocation : two-directional transport, upwards or downwards of soluble organic food materials by the phloem from the leaves to other parts of the plant ~ The Importances : a) to allocate food to all parts of the plant which do not manifacture their own food b) in assisting the production of energy, growth and maintenance of the plant Transpiration The loss of water in the form of water vapour from a plant to the atmosphere through the stomata, the cuticle or lenticles of plants ~ The Importances : a) Cooling the plant b) providing support by turgor pressure c) transporting water & mineral salts
The soil Root hair cells Across the cortex Xylem vessels of the roots Xylem vessels of the stem Xylem vessels of the veins in leaves Mesophyll cells Stomata Surrounding air The movement of water in the xylem up the stem is explained by : a) root pressure b) transpiration pull c) cohesion thoery of water d) adhesion theory of water Root pressure : the pressure exerted by the roots of plants which is caused by osmosis Guttation : the exudation of h2O from the hydathodes of leaves as a result of the root pressure