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APLIKASI
Tubuh manusia Meniup kopi panas Perkakas elektronik (sirip, heat sink) Refrigerator (AC, Kulkas) Mobil (siklus engine, sirip, radiator) Pembangkit listrik (turbin, boiler) Industri (penyulingan, pendinginan, pengeringan, dll).
SECONDARY UNITS
Secondary units can be formed by combinations of primary units. Example: m N = kg 2 F= s m.a P= F/A
N Pa = 2 m
kg.m / s Pa = 2 m
kg Pa = 2 m.s
CLOSSED SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
Open system (= control volume) with one inlet and one outlet (exit) and a real boundary.
SIFAT-SIFAT SISTEM
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and elevation. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the sizeor extentof the system. Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties (specific volume (v = V/m),
Volume spesifik, kebalikan dari densitas: volume per satuan masa (m3/kg) Densitas relatif atau specific gravity: nisbah densitas suatu substansi dengan densitas substansi standar pada suhu tertentu (biasanya
2. Energi Potensial (PE) PE = mgh 3. Energi dakhil atau Internal Energy (U) ENERGI TOTAL: E = U + KE + PE e = u + ke + pe (per satuan
POSTULAT KEADAAN
All properties (can be measured or calculated) completely describes the condition, or the state, of the system. At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of even one property changes, the state will change to a different one. The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given by the state postulate: The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.
MACAM-MACAM PROSES
Proses isotermal: proses pada suhu T konstan. Proses isobaris: proses pada tekanan P konstan. Proses isokhoris (isometris): proses pada volume spesifik konstan. Proses adiabatik: proses di mana tidak terjadi pertukaran kalor dengan lingkungan. Proses isentropik: proses pada
STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in engineering, and thus it is important to have a clear understanding of their meanings. The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform, however, implies no change with location over a specified region.
TEKANAN
Tekanan (P) : gaya (F) per satuan luas (A). Satuan tekanan adalah pascal (Pa) = N/m2. Untuk benda padat gaya per luas satuan tidak disebut tekanan, tetapi tegangan (stress). Untuk fluida diam, tekanan adalah sama ke segala arah. Tekanan di dalam fluida meningkat sesuai dengan kedalamannya akibat berat fluida (pengaruh gravitasi) sehingga fluida pada bagian bawah menanggung beban yang lebih besar daripada fluida di bagian atas. Tetapi tekanan tidak bervariasi pada arah horisontal.
Tekanan aktual pada posisi tertentu disebut tekanan absolut dan diukur secara relatif terhadap tekanan vakum, yaitu tekanan nol mutlak. Kebanyakan pengukur tekanan dikalibrasi untuk membaca nol di atmosfer (tekanan atmosfer lokal). Perbedaan tekanan absolut dan tekanan atmosfer disebut tekanan ukur (pressure gage). Tekanan di bawah tekanan atmosfer disebut tekanan vakum (vacuum pressure) dan diukur dengan pengukur vakum yang menunjukkan perbedaan antara tekanan atmosfer dan tekanan absolut.
PENGUKUR TEKANAN
MANOMETER
PRESSURE
BAROMETE
PRINSIP MANOMETER
Perhatikan gambar: Seimbang F =0 P1 = P2
EXAMPLE : Manometer
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in Figure. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION
SOLUTION
APLIKASI MANOMETER
Measuring the pressure drop across a flow section or a flow device by a differential manometer: P1 + 1g(a + h) - 2gh 1ga = P2 P1 - P2 = (2 - 1)gh Untuk 2 >> 1 :
BAROMETER Torricelli
Patm = g h
EXAMPLE3: BAROMETER
Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and the gravitational acceleration is g 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10oC, at which its density is 13,570 kg/m3.
EXAMPLE3: SOLUTION
TEKANAN ATMOSFER
ELEVASI TEKANAN TEKANAN (m) (kPa) (mmHg) 0 (sea level) 101.325 760.00
1000 89.88 2000 79.50 5000 54.05 10,000 26.5 20,000 5.53 e of thumb: naik 10 m, tekanan
EFEK KETINGGIAN
TEMPERATURE
Thermodinamika SUHU MUTLAK Satuan kelvin (K) untuk SI Satuan renkine (R) untuk USCS Konversi: T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15 T(R) = T(oF) + 456.67 T(oC) = 1.8T(oC) CAUTION: T(K) = T(oC) T(R) = T(oF)
EXAMPLE4: TEMPERATURE
During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by 10C. Express this rise in temperature in K, F, and R.
PR:
Soal No: 1-6C, 1-7C, 1-15C, 1-16C, 117C, 1-20C, 1-21C, 1-22C, 1-23C, 124C, 1-29, 1-31, 1-34C, 1-35C, 1-36C, 1-39C, 1-40, 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, 145, 1-48, 1-51, 1-53, 1-55, 1-57, 159, 1-61, 1-62, 1-63, 1-65, 1-66, 173, 1-85, 1-88, 1-101, 1-103, 1-105, 1-106, 1-108, 1-120, 1-121, 1122, 1-123, 1-125. Kelompok THERMO