Unit 2 Part B

Study Guide 2012

Classical Genetics
Observable Patterns of Inheritance Questions 1-13 Glossary terms Problem sets (2)

Learn Terms
1. Learn the terms in the glossary, Observable Patterns of Inheritance . This is a word document.

Q-1
1. An early idea concerning inheritance was the blending theory. What was it and why was it deficient?

A-1
1. An early idea about inheritance was the blending theory. What was it and why was it deficient? Traits from the male and female were blended in the offspring. If this were truth, then eventually, all individuality would disappear.

Q-2
What does the term locus mean?

A-2
What does the term locus mean? This is the location of a gene (which chromosome and where on the chromosome). Its address.

Q-3
3. What are alleles?

Answer 3
3. What are alleles? These different molecular forms of the same gene.

Question 4
4. If two genes are homologous, what does that mean?

Answer 4
4. If two genes are homologous, what does that mean? Homologous means the same. They are identical.

Question 5
5. What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 5
5. What does heterozygous mean? Heterozygous means" different. Heterozygous for attached earlobes would mean that the individual carries a normal gene and a mutant gene.

Question 6
6. If Sally is homozygous dominate for gene A, how would you write that in standard symbolic form? If she were heterozygous for A? If she were homozygous for the recessive form of A?

Answer 6
6. If Sally were (a) homozygous dominate for gene A, how would you write that in standard symbolic form? (b) If she were heterozygous for A? (c) If she were homozygous for the recessive form of A? AA, Aa, aa

Question 7
7. Define phenotype.

Answer 7
7. Define phenotype. Phenotype refers to an individuals observable traits

Question 8
8. Define genotype.

Answer 8
8. Define genotype. Genotype refers to particular genes an individual carries

Question 9
9. How do you represent the first generation of a cross?

Answer 9
9. How do you represent the first generation of a cross? Parental cross? Second generation? F1; P; F2

Question 10
10. What is monohybrid cross (how many traits are being investigated)?

Answer 10
10. What is monohybrid cross (how many traits are being investigated)? It is a cross where two true breeding individuals are mated (AA x aa). Usually they are homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive. One trait (two alleles).

Question 11
11. Describe or define: dihybrid cross.

Answer 11
11. Describe or define: dihybrid cross.

Experimental cross between individuals that are homozygous for different versions of two traits Example: AABB x aabb

Question 12.
12. What three types of dominance?

Question 12. What three types of dominance?

12. What three types of dominance?

Complete dominance Incomplete dominance Codominance

Question 13.
13. Define pleiotrophy.

Answer 13
13. Define pleiotrophy. Alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits Examples: Marfans syndrome and Sickle Cell Anemia

Problem Sets

Go to: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_gen Answer the problem set: Monohybrid Cross.

Monohybrid Problem Set 2

In unit 2 of Scribd youll find a word document with some additional monohybrid problems (Mono Hybrid Crosses Key). You are responsible for mastering this too. http://www.scribd.com/doc/38884141/Mono-Hy

Blood Types Problem Set

Problem 1: Is a type O possible in this situation?
Could you please help me? I have a question that is NOT a homework question. I am a Junior in High School. "Could a man with type B blood and a woman with type AB produce a child with type O blood?" I think not, because type O is recessive, and the B's seem to be dominant. My cousin thinks yes. Thank you for your help. -- Vicki An example problem from the University of Arizona site, The Biology Project-Human Biology Go to this site and work through the Blood Types Tutorial and complete the problem set. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/problem_sets/blood_types/Intro.html

Learn the Terms

Learn the terms in the glossary, Observable Patterns of Inheritance .

Chromosomes and Human Genetics

Questions 1-20 Glossary: Chromosomes and Human Genetics

Q-1
1. The first abnormal chromosome tied to cancer was named the ________ chromosome.

A-1
1. The first abnormal chromosome tied to cancer was named the _Philadelphia _______ chromosome.

Q-2
2. A ________ is a preparation of metaphase chromosomes based on their defining features.

A-2
2. A __karyotype________ is a preparation of metaphase chromosomes based on their defining features.

Q-3
3. The units of information about heritable traits are known as ________.

A-3
3. The units of information about heritable traits are known as __genes________.

Q-4
4. Diploid (2n) cells have pairs of________ chromosomes.

A-4
4. Diploid (2n) cells have pairs of __homologous (sister)________ chromosomes.

Q-5
5. _______ are different molecular forms of the same gene that are possible at a given locus; a ________-type allele is the most common form of a gene.

A-5
5. ___Alleles_______ are different molecular forms of the same gene that are possible at a given locus; a __dominant________-type allele is the most common form of a gene.

Q-6
6. State the circumstances required for crossing over and describe the results.

A-6
6. State the circumstances required for crossing over and describe the results. Genes must be on the same chromosome and after CO, there will be a new combination of maternal and paternal mix of genes on the same chromosome

Q-7
7. Name and describe the sex chromosomes in human males and females.

A-7
7. Name and describe the sex chromosomes in human males and females. XX (female); XY (male)

Q-8
8. Human X and Y chromosomes fall into the more general category of ________ chromosomes; all other chromosomes in an individuals cells are the same in both sexes and are called ________.

A-8
8. Human X and Y chromosomes fall into the more general category of __sex________ chromosomes; all other chromosomes in an individuals cells are the same in both sexes and are called __autosomes________.

Q-9
9. Define karyotype; briefly describe its preparation and value.

A-9
9. Define karyotype; briefly describe its preparation and value. A metaphase preparation of chromosomal images where the chromosomes are aligned in groups (Largest to smallest)

Q-10
10. Explain meiotic segregation of sex chromosomes to gametes and the subsequent random fertilization that determines sex in many organisms.

A-10
10. Explain meiotic segregation of sex chromosomes to gametes and the subsequent random fertilization that determines sex in many organisms. X and Y chromosomes are sister chromosomes. In a female, each gamete can only receive a X; in the male each gamete has a 50: 50 chance of receiving an Y chromosome. Thus the male determines the gender of the individual offspring.

Q-11
11. A newly identified region of the Y chromosome called __________ appears to be the master gene for sex determination. All the genes on a specific chromosome are called a __________ group.

A-11
11. A newly identified region of the Y chromosome called ___SRY region_______ appears to be the master gene for sex determination. All the genes on a specific chromosome are called a __linkage________ group.

Q-12
12. Explain why the term "sex-linked genes" is less precise than the use of the terms, X-linked and Y-linked genes.

A-12
12. Explain why the term "sex-linked genes" is less precise than the use of the terms, X-linked and Y-linked genes. The SRY region is on the Y chromosome (most of the time) and thus is linked to the chromosome not just to a small group of genes.)

Q-13
13. State the relationship between crossover frequency and the location of genes on a chromosome.

A-13
13. State the relationship between crossover frequency and the location of genes on a chromosome. The closer the linkage, the lower the crossover rate.

Q-14
14. ________ is a chart of the genetic connections between individuals; be familiar with the standardized symbols used in such charts. A genetic ________ is a rare, uncommon version of a trait whereas an inherited genetic _________ is an inherited condition that sooner or later will cause mild to severe medical problems. A ________ is a recognized set of symptoms that characterize a given disorder.

A-14
14. __Pedigree________ is a chart of the genetic connections between individuals; be familiar with the standardized symbols used in such charts. A genetic __abnormality________ is a rare, uncommon version of a trait whereas an inherited genetic _disorder_________ is an inherited condition that sooner or later will cause mild to severe medical problems. A __syndrome________ is a recognized set of symptoms that characterize a given disorder.

Q-15
15. Describe what is meant by a genetic disease.

A-15
15. Describe what is meant by a genetic disease. It is an inherited condition that sooner or later will cause mild to severe medical problems.

Q-16
16. Describe the characteristics of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome.

A-16
16. Describe the characteristics of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Early progressive aging such that the individuals are biologically aged at the mid-teens. Dominant, random mutation.

Q-17
17. A(n) ________ is a loss of a chromosome segment; a(n) _________ is a gene sequence separated from a chromosome but then was inserted at the same place, but in reverse; a(n) ________ is a repeat of several gene sequences on the same chromosome; a(n) _________ is the transfer of part of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.

A-17
17. A(n) __deletion________ is a loss of a chromosome segment; a(n) _inversion_________ is a gene sequence separated from a chromosome but then was inserted at the same place, but in reverse; a(n) __duplication________ is a repeat of several gene sequences on the same chromosome; a(n) _translocation_________ is the transfer of part of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome.

Q-18
18. When gametes or cells of an affected individual end up with one extra or one less than the parental number of chromosomes, it is known as _______; relate this concept to monosomy and trisomy. Having three or more complete sets of chromosomes is called ________. ________ is the failure of the chromosomes to separate in either meiosis or mitosis.

A-18
18. When gametes or cells of an affected individual end up with one extra or one less than the parental number of chromosomes, it is known as ___aneuploidy_______; relate this concept to monosomy and trisomy. Having three or more complete sets of chromosomes is called __trisomy________. __nondisjunction________ is the failure of the chromosomes to separate in either meiosis or mitosis.

Q-19
19. Trisomy 21 is known as _______ syndrome; Turner syndrome has the chromosome constitution, ________; XXY chromosome constitution is _________ syndrome; taller than average males with sometimes mild mental impairment have the ________ condition.

A-19
19. Trisomy 21 is known as __Downs_______ syndrome; Turner syndrome has the chromosome constitution, __of 45________; XXY chromosome constitution is _Klinefelters_________ syndrome; taller than average males with sometimes mild mental impairment have the __XYY________ condition.

Q-20
20. List some benefits of genetic screening and genetic counseling to society.

A-20
20. List some benefits of genetic screening and genetic counseling to society. Principally, an afflicted individual could get immediate medical attention to manage the genetic medical problem(s) associated with the genotype. Others may feel that a pregnancy should be terminated if the fetus has a serious genetic problem.