Linguistic Knowledge Innatism Chomsky

Innate knowledge

LAD

Universal Grammar:
Early

in the course of development. Minimal input. Parameters.

INPUT

LAD

Final State

Language Acquisition

Universality Uniformity Rapid Identical pattern

DISPELLING A COMMON-SENSE ACCOUNT There have been a great number of attempts to explain how language acquisition proceeds, but none of them has been able to account for what Innatism claims: Trial and error Corrective feedback Imitation Expansion Motherese

WHY LANGUAGE DOES NOT HAVE TO BE TAUGHT? Behaviourist children learn language with someone, usually their parents, who teaches them.

Not true because everyone achieves a similar standard of skill.

How come children can utter sentences that they had never been said before?

Skinner extended the principles of Behaviourism

Associations each words acts as a stimulus for the next response

Response chaining ill-formed stings of words

And the Answer is: Innatism Behaviourism Experience

Innatism

Evidence: Ambiguity Sentences grammatically deviant

Poverty of the Stimulus

LEARNING HOW TO MEAN

HALLIDAY

CHOMSKY

SKINNER

PIAGET

Innate knowledge

Capacity to interact & be ware of being addressed.

Linguistic capacity

Children born empty minded.

Maturation precedes learning

Social aspects

Inter-organism, takes context and interaction with other people into account.

Intra-organism, no social aspects.

Inter-organism, Intra-organism, takes the interaction with environment into the environment. account.

Environment

The social influence is very important.

Primary linguistic Stimuli come data to set the from the parameters. environment.

Only objects, not people.

Phases
Semantic functions Instrumental

Phase Protolanguage (Phase 1)

Characteristics Preespeech (sound and gestures) + semantic content Meaning begins to be constructed. The act is SYMBOLIC

The Transition (Phase 2)

Personal Heuristic

Increase in the number of meanings. Mathetic Around 18 months. The identification by the child of her/his self Pragmatic becomes part of the same function that uses to explore the rest of the universe. Language as doing interact with other people and control objects and people. Development of dialogue. Ideational Interpersonal Textual Both functions are used together in the same utterance. The textual function allows the speaker or writer to operate in discourse in a way that is relevant to the situation. All are activated by aspects of the context in which language is being used.

The Adult Language (Phase 3)

Communicative Competence

Dell Hymes

Competence

Chomsky: Intrapersonal Hymes: Interpersonal

Canale/Swain: Four Aspects

Grammatical Discourse Sociolinguistic Strategic

Pragmatics Other Aspects: Language functions Discourse analysis Styles and registers Language and Gender Nonverbal Communication

APPROACHES AND METHODS

COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING

- Communicative Competence. - Functional and structural aspects of language. - Notional syllabus

NATURAL APPROACH
-Communication as primary function of language. - Krashens language acquisition theory i + 1 - Emphasis on input. - Comprehensible input in the target language.

COOPERATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING

-On the basis of interactive/cooperative nature of language. - communication as the primary purpose of language.