Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Interactions
Forest of New Guinea
Community includes nine species of
pigeons that partition the food
supply
Pigeons disperse seeds of the trees
that provide their food (fruit)
These are just a few of the many
interactions that shape this
community
Community
All the populations that live together in a
habitat
Habitat is the type of place where
individuals of a species typically live
Type of habitat shapes a community’s
structure
Factors Shaping
Community Structure
Climate and topography
Available foods and resources
Adaptations of species in community
Species interactions
Arrival and disappearance of species
Physical disturbances
Question 1
1.A(n) ______ is the type of place
where individuals of a species typically
live.
Answer 1
1.A habitat is the type of place where
individuals of a species typically live.
Question 2
2.All the populations that live together in
a habitat is known as the _________.
Answer 2
2.All the populations that live together in
a habitat is known as the community.
Question 3
3. Cite three (3) factors which shape
community structure. There are
several.
Answer 3
3. Cite three (3) factors which shape community
structure. There are several.
Climate and topography
Available foods and resources
Adaptations of species in community
Species interactions
Arrival and disappearance of species
Physical disturbances
Niche
Both species benefit
Many examples in nature
Some mutualisms are obligatory;
partners depend upon each other
Yucca and Yucca Moth
the environment).
Question 5
5.
What is mutualism? Give an
example.
Answer 5
5.
What is mutualism? Give an
example.
Interspecific between species
Intraspecific between members of the
same species
Intraspecific competition is most intense
Forms of Competition
Apparent competitors
may actually have
slightly different
niches
Species may use
resources in a
different way or time
Minimizes
competition and
Question 9
9.
Define competitive exclusion
principle.
Answer 9
9.
Define competitive exclusion
principle.
Minimizescompetition and
allows coexistence
Predation
Predators are animals that feed on other
living organisms
Predators are freeliving; they do not
take up residence on their prey
Coevolution
PREY
POPULATION
PREDATOR
POPULATION
Variation in Cycles
An association in predator and prey
abundance does not always indicate
a cause and effect relationship
Variations in food supply and
additional predators may also
influence changes in prey abundance
Prey Defenses
Camouflage
Warning coloration
Mimicry
Momentoftruth defenses
Stay Out of Harm’s Way…
Fri Feb 17, 12:35 AM ET
Predators are freeliving; they do not
take up residence on their prey.
Question 12
12.What are two examples of
predator responses?
Answer 12
12.What are two examples of
predator responses?
Parasites drain nutrients from their
hosts and live on or in their bodies
Natural selection favors parasites that
do not kill their host too quickly
Types of Parasites
Microparasites
Macroparasites
Social parasites
Parasitoids
Social Parasites
Once limited to grasslands, brown - headed cowbirds have extended their range
to all 48 contiguous states and Canada. They are a major threat to
songbirds.
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/bfl/speciesaccts/parasites.html
Chemical communication: Butterfly
anti-aphrodisiac lures parasitic
wasps
Male butterflies of the genus, Pieris, pass
an anti-aphrodisiac during mating to
females.
This chemical, benzyl cyanide, renders the
mated females less attractive to other
males.
This strategy tends to maximize the mating
males chances of getting their genes into
the next generation.
Or so it was thought….
The Wasp highjacks the Sexual
Communication Signal of the
Butterfly
The female wasps are attracted to the
anti-aphrodisiac of the mated female
butterflies.
Often they will hitch a ride on the
female butterfly.
When butterfly lays her eggs, the
wasp inserts her egg into the
butterfly egg.
The larval wasp eats its host alive.
A Serve Limitation on the Butterfly Populations
Microparasites
Macroparasites
Social parasites
Parasitoids
Question 14
14.Compare and contrast
parasitoids and social parasites.
Answer 14
14. Compare and contrast parasitoids and
social parasites.
Change in the composition of species
over time
Types of Succession
Introduction of a nonindigenous
species can decimate a community
No natural enemies or controls
Can outcompete native species
Pioneer Species
Disturbances can cause a community
to change in ways that persist even if
the change is reversed
Species Introductions
Introduction of a nonindigenous
species can decimate a community
No natural enemies or controls
Can outcompete native species
Exotic Species
Species that has left its home range
and become established elsewhere
Becomes part of its new community
Can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful
effects on a community
Accidental Release….
“The native distribution of the red lionfish is restricted to
appropriate reef habitats of the Indo-Pacific. Recently, a number
of specimens of red lionfish have been observed and/or captured
off the eastern coast of the United States in various locales from
Florida to New York. Its presence in these waters may stem
from the release of captive specimens along the southeast coast
of the United States.”
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/RedLionfish/RLionfish.html
Predators in Paradise
EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK, Florida (CNN)
(10/22/04) -- A dangerous intruder has invaded
Everglades National Park, and it's putting the native
wildlife at risk.
Shirt of
missing
camper!
Python Invasion Spawns Cottage
Industry
Python-Tracking Puppy Trains to
Patrol Everglades
Stefan Lovgren
for National Geographic News
February 3, 2005
In their growing battle against giant
pythons that have invaded the Florida
Everglades, national park officials there
have recruited an unlikely ally: a beagle
puppy nicknamed "Python Pete."
Nile Monitors
“Recently (Sept. 2005) a small
population of around 1000 Nile
Monitors have begun to rise in the
area around Cape Coral Florida. They
are most likely the offspring of a few
Monitors let free by local pet
owners.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_monitor
Wis. Residents Seek Legalized Cat Hunting
Feral cats, which volunteers have been feeding
for the past 10 years, feed in Anoka, Minn., Feb.
21, 2005. A new Wisconsin plan would declare
free-roaming wild cats an unprotected species,
just like skunks or gophers. Anyone with a small-
game license could shoot the cats at will, legally.
The proposal gets tested April 11 at the Wisconsin Conservation
Congress spring hearings, where outdoor enthusiasts gather in
every county to vote on hunting and fishing issues. (AP Photo/St. Paul
Pioneer Press, Joe Rossi)
Africanized Killer Flea Invasion
ATLANTA—Panic is spreading among American dog
owners, following the Center for Veterinary Medicine's
Monday announcement that the arrival of a deadly mutant
strain of Africanized killer fleas is imminent.
Crossed Texas Border in 2004
Bred in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Animal Research
Facility in the late '60s, Ctenocephalides canis
africanus is a crossbreed of the common North
American flea and an African variant that infests
the tough hides of bull elephants. The Sao Paulo
entomologists never meant to release the mutant
fleas into the wild, but a 1974 fire at the lab led
to the dangerous subspecies' escape. In the past
30 years, Africanized fleas spread from Brazil to
South and Central America and on to Mexico.
Accidental Release….
“The native distribution of the red lionfish is restricted to
appropriate reef habitats of the Indo-Pacific. Recently, a number
of specimens of red lionfish have been observed and/or captured
off the eastern coast of the United States in various locales from
Florida to New York. Its presence in these waters may stem
from the release of captive specimens along the southeast coast
of the United States.”
www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/RedLionfish/RLionfish.html
Endangered Species
http://www.breakoutofthebox.com/kudzu.htm
Diversity by Latitude
Diversity of most groups is greatest in
tropics; declines toward poles
Ant
diversity
Why Are Tropical
Species Rich?
Resources are plentiful and reliable
Species diversity is selfreinforcing
Rates of speciation are highest in the
tropics
Distance Effect
The farther an island is from a
mainland, the fewer species
Closer islands receive more
immigrants
Species that reach islands far from
mainland are adapted for long-
distance dispersal and can move on