Spotting and Stain Removal

Presented by Dayal Kant Munda Praveen Kumar Prabhakar Sandeep Kumar

Stain
Spot.
Spotting

What is stain????
A stain is an unwanted coloration or deposition on the fabric. It is a result of physical reaction between the staining agent and the fibers of the fabric. Stains reduce the quality and value of the textile.

What is Spot ????

Spot is place or location on garment that can be differentiated from other place of garment. It is an odd place caused due to change in colour, touch, odor etc and its causing agents can be numerous like oil, grease, gum, stain.. Etc.

Spotting.
Spotting is a specialized art in which a spot or stain is identified and removed using proper chemical agent without damaging or affecting garment.
It is localised washing of garment.

History.
The textile cleaning industry is slightly more than 100 years old. Most of the changes have come from the last 30 years for various reasons. In 1970s perchloroethylene (perc) was the solvent of choice for textile cleaning. In the early 1990's a new term was introduced to the cleaning of textiles; "Wet cleaning. This consisted of water as the solvent and especially formulated detergents, conditioners and finishes. This allowed wool, silk and many other fibers to be washed in water without shrinkage, harshness nor losing their shape.

Identification of Stain.
These are steps in identification of stain 1. The first step in identification is to ask the customer what the stain is.
2. The second step comes from sight. A splash or irregular pattern likely came from something spilt. A pattern such as circular or rectangular probably came from something laid on the surface A shiny stain is likely from hardened oil, paint, varnish or nail polish A dull appearance that lightens when scratched is likely from food A spot that is lighter than its surroundings was likely caused by a bleaching agent or from color loss.

3. The third step comes from touch. Categories for touch are as follows - crusty, hard, soft, tacky, oily, wet and waxy. 4. The fourth step comes from smell. This may be the best instrument for identification, but it is subjective too. Also, caution should be given concerning inhaling toxins from chemical and bacteria. 5. pH is important when a spot does not respond to solvents. pH reading from an electric instrument will likely be less than from taken from paper or strips. This is so because moisture on paper or strips will ultimately measure the dry pH while pH pens measure diluted pH at the time of reading.

Identification of Spot.
LocationAs spot of sewing machine oil are generally found along the stitch lines. Similarly Food spots are usually found on the front of the garment and on the underside of cuffs and sleeves. Perspiration stains are found under arms, across the back and shoulders, knees, and the seat of trousers. Leg makeup, mud, and shoe polish are found on the lower part of the skirt and coats or legs and cuffs of trousers.

Classification of stain...

Organic

Inorganic

Classification on the basis of Solubility.

Solvent Soluble Stains: These stains are typically oils, greases and waxes. Use heavy-duty detergent with hot water.

Common examples :
Automotive oil Hair oil Bacon fat Hand lotion Butter/margarine Lard

Car door grease Mayonnaise Collar/cuff greasy rings Salad dressing Cooking fats and oils Suntan oil or lotion Face creams etc.

Water-Soluble Stains: These stains are typically sugars, salts, food, beverages and perspiration. These stains normally require pre- or post-spotting. The removal of these stains is augmented with the use of detergents and/or hydrated solvent. Do not use soap (bar, flake). Use detergents.

Common Examples:
Alcoholic beverages Beer Coffee Cologne Felt-tip water color pen or washable ink

Fruit juice (apple, grape, and orange) Soft drinks Tea Tomato juice Berries (cranberries, raspberries, strawberries) etc.

Insoluble Stains: These stains are particle stains such as carbon, dust and sand. While cleaning, it is important to have a high flow rate of solvent and ability to suspend or deposit these particles away from the garments. These are commonly Protein stains Common examples: Soak in cold water. Launder. Cream
Baby food Milk Baby formula Mucous Blood Cheese sauce Mud Pudding Egg Urine Feces Vomit Gelatin White glue; school paste Ice cream etc.

Soluble Stains in Chemical Agents: These stains are made up of products like nail polish, lipstick, rust, paints, glues and albumin. It is necessary to use chemical agents to solubilise these stains. After working on the spotting board, it is important to flush the stain and chemical on the board prior to introducing the garment into the cleaning wheel. This insures the cleaning machine continues to operate with the most environmentally safe system. Need detergent wash and bleach as safe, for fabric. Common examples: India ink Cherry, blueberry Kool-Aid Color bleeding in wash (dye transfer) Mercurochrome Felt-tip pen (permanent ink-may not Mustard come out) Grass etc. Tempera paint

Consideration before choosing appt. chemicals or stain removal technique.

Identify the fabric.

Affinity of stain with fabric.

Construction of fabric.

Chemical properties of stain and fabric.

Intended use of garment etc.

How to remove spot.

Solvent test Solvent tests are used to determine whether the spot or stain should be removed by water or dry solvent. If the appearance indicates the spot or stain was spread by oil, solvent may remove the spot or stain. Chemical tests Litmus paper indicates the presence of acid or alkali. Tannin can be discovered by applying a drop of ammonia to a spot or stain and noting whether the color turns tan or brown. The change to tan or brown

Example.
An ink spot may be tested as follows: Add a drop of water to the ink spot. If the ink bleeds easily, it is considered to be water soluble. Add a drop of ammonia to the spot. More color should bleed from the spot. Add a drop of acetic acid to the spot. If no more color bleeds, then remove the ink spot by a water and ammonia process of bleeding and flushing until spot is completely removed. If water does not bleed the ink spot, add dry solvent. If the ink bleeds, then the ink spot is ballpoint, marking, Mimeograph, or printing ink, which must be removed on the dry side. Continue bleeding and flushing until spot is removed.

METHODS USED IN SPOTTING.

Solution

Emulsificati on

Chemical action

Mechanical action

Solution.
A solution is a mixture of two substances, the solvent and the solute. A solution occurs when the solute is dissolved in the solvent. The most common way to remove soils and spots from fabrics are to dissolve them in solvents. In washing water is the chief solvent, while in dry cleaning, perchloroethylene is the chief solvent.
Most substances will dissolve in either solvent mentioned above; however, many will not. These substances can be removed using appropriate chemicals. The chemicals used in spot removal will mix with the substance to loosen it so it may be rinsed away.

Emulsification.
Any substances that help the solvent in removing stains as such as soap or detergent are called emulsifiers. In dry cleaning, emulsifiers are already part of the drycleaning solvent; however, in regular washing, emulsifiers should be added to the solvent (water) to assist it in efficient stain removal.

Chemical Action.
In chemical action, two or more substances combine to produce one or more totally new substances. These new substances are normally very soluble and can be rinsed away easily. A good example of this is when you use an acid to remove an alkaline spot or use an alkali, like ammonia or sodium bicarbonate, to remove an acid spot. When you do this the two substances react chemically to forma soluble salt that can be rinsed out of the fabric easily. Chemicals must always be used very carefully because of the danger that they will affect the dye or damage the fibres

Chemicals Used in Spotting.

Chemicals Used in Spotting.

Mechanical Action.
Mechanical action is the simplest method of spot removal and an aid to all other methods. Mechanical action in spotting is done by using a brush, spatula, sponge, or spray gun to work a cleansing agent into the fabric. The important thing to remember about all mechanical action is that it tends to wear or damage the fabric.

Steps to select a solvent.

Know the stain and how it has been formed:
Look at how stains occur. Could a change in production methods help to prevent or minimise staining? Experience has shown that a quality improvement programme can markedly reduce the need for spot cleaning.

Consider the solvents flammability:

Avoid highly flammable solvents with flash point 21 C or less; the vapour from these can readily create a flammable atmosphere. The higher the flash point, the lower the flammability risks. Solvents with flash points above 55 C should be used wherever possible.

Flammability index.

Two main groups of spotting solvents are used halogenated hydrocarbons and olefins. Halogenated hydrocarbons include trichloroethylene,* 1,1,1 trichloroethane, bromochloromethane and dichloromethane. Olefins include aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent blends and isoparafinic hydrocarbon blends. 1,1,1 trichloroethane is to be phased out due its harmful effect on the ozone layer.

STAIN REMOVAL TECHNIQUES

There are two basic approaches to removing spots and stains. You can use a stain-removal agent that interacts with the stain chemically, or you can physically loosen or remove the stain from the surface. Many stubborn stains require both chemical and physical treatment. 1. Physical method 2. Chemical method

Physical stain-removal techniques.

There are eight physical stain-removal techniques:

Brushing
Flushing Freezing Presoaking Pre-treating

Scraping,
Sponging Tamping

Chemical stain removal techniques..

The chemical stain-removal techniques are the ones where we use a stain-removal agent that interacts with the stain chemically. There are many chemicals and chemical methods used. There are many procedure of removal of chemical stains according to the need of specific stain and fabric.

Procedure for removal of some of common stain..

Use one or a combination of these as directions:

Hydrophobic (fats, oils, waxes) Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering.
Sponge with dry-cleaning solvent Lubricate with mineral oil, lard or dry spotter. With absorbent pad apply dry spotter or paint, oil and grease remover. Keep stain moist with spotter and blot occasionally with absorbent material. If fabric is strong enough tamp with brush or spoon. Flush with dry-cleaning solvent. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no more stain is removed. Allow to dry. With medicine dropper apply several drops of detergent solution and a few drops of ammonia. Work into stain. Continue as long as stain is being removed. Flush with water. Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk, or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, then flush with water.

Food containing oils and fats:

Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering. Spponge with drycleaning solvent. Keep absorbent pad underneath. Lubricate with pad dampened with dry spotter. Keep stain moist, changing pad as it picks up stain, or lubricate with a small amount of mineral oil or lard. For stronger fabrics, tamp frequently with brush or spoon. Flush with drycleaning solvent. Allow to dry. With medicine dropper, apply mild detergent solution to which has been added a few drops of amonia. For stronger fabrics, tamp with brush or spoon. Flush with water. Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper. Do not use chlorine bleach on wool, silk or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, and then flush with water. For chocolate stains, use hydrogen peroxide (3%) and add a drop or two of ammonia. Flush with water.

Protein and starch :

Follow these procedures for non-washable articles, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable articles, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering. Steps: Blot up as much stain as possible. Place pad underneath. Keep another absorbent pad moist with enzyme product over stain for 30 minutes. For stronger fabrics, tamp with spoon or brush. Flush with water. Flush with ammonia solution. Flush with water. Blot. Flush with vinegar solution. Flush with water. Blot For blood stains not completely removed. Bleach with hydrogen peroxide (3%) applied with medicine dropper. Add a drop of ammonia. Flush with water.

Plastics and resins :

Follow these procedures for non-washable articles, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable articles, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering. Steps: Place pad underneath. Sponge with drycleaning solvent. Lubricate with pad dipped in dry spotter, lard or mineral oil. On stronger fabrics. Tamp with spoon or brush. Flush with drycleaning solvent. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no more stain is removed. Apply pad moistened in amyl acetate. Keep moist 15 minutes. Blot occasionally. For stronger fabrics, tamp with spoon or brush. Flush with drycleaning solvent. Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, then flush with water.

Tannin and glucose :

Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable fabrics, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering. Steps: Sponge with water. With absorbent pad apply mild detergent solution and a few drops of vinegar. Cover with pad moist with this solution. For stronger fabrics, tamp occasionally with brush or spoon. Flush with water. With absorbent pad apply alcohol to stain. Cover with pad soaked with alcohol. Change pad as it picks up stain. With absorbent pad moisten with solution of enzyme product. Cover with pad soaked in enzyme solution. Let stand 30 minutes. Keep stain warm and moistened with solution. Flush with water. Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, and then flush with water.

Water soluble body waste, deodorants, red dyes

Follow these procedures for non-washable fabrics, testing all removers first on an inconspicuous area of the article. For washable articles, the same methods may be used for localized stain removal before laundering. Steps.. Sponge with water. With absorbent pad apply mild detergent solution and a few drops of ammonia. Press stain every 5 minutes with clean pad moistened with solution! Flush with water. With absorbent pad apply detergent solution with a few drops of vinegar. Press stain every 5 minutes with clean pad moistened with solution. Flush with water. With absorbent pad apply alcohol. Let stand as long as stain is being removed. For stronger fabrics, tamp occasionally with spoon or brush. Flush with water. Bleach to remove final traces of stain. Apply bleach solution with medicine dropper. Do not use chlorine solution on wool, silk, or spandex. Do not allow bleach to remain more than two minutes. Flush with water after each bleach application. Apply vinegar solution to remove excess chlorine, then flush with water. Etc.

STAINS NEEDING UNIQUE TREATMENT METHODS.

Chewing gum: Apply ice to harden gum. Crack or scrape off excess. Spray with pretreatment
aerosol product. Rub with heavy-duty liquid detergent. Rinse with hot water. Repeat if necessary. Launder.

Deodorants:

Apply liquid detergent, wash in warm water. Build-up of aluminum or zinc salts may be impossible to remove Do not use nail polish remover (or acetone) on acetate, triacetate, or modacrylic fabrics as they will dissolve. Take these fabrics to professional drycleaners and identify the stain. For other fabrics, use nail polish remover, acetone and spot treatment method. load with heavy-duty detergent. Do not mix ammonia and bleach in same wash load. Toxic fumes are produced. Ammonia can be used on colored fabrics, but occasionally its use will change the garment's color.

Fingernail polish:

Hog confinement odor: Wash clothes adding 1/4 to 1/2 cup household ammonia to wash

Iodine: Iodine is quickly removed with sodium thiosulfate, which is sold in photo supply stores as
"acid fixer." If the photo supply fixer solution contains other chemicals in addition to sodium thiosulfate, it should not be used. Iodine may also be removed by some commercial stain removers.

Lead pencil:

Use art gum eraser to lift off excess; avoid hard rubbing. For delicate fabrics use spot treatment methods. For most durable, washable fabrics, spray with pretreatment aerosol product. Rub in heavy-duty liquid detergent. Rinse in warm water.

 Mildew: Mildew is a growing organism that must have warmth, darkness, and

moisture to survive. Mildew eats cellulosic fibers, causing permanent damage and weakening of fibers and fabrics. To remove mildew: Shake or brush item outdoors. Pretreat darkest stains with heavy-duty liquid detergent. Launder in hot water with a heavy-duty detergent. Bleach as safe for fabric.

Odor: Most odors are removed by laundering. For persistent odor problems, place

calcium carbonate crystals, activated charcoal, or soda in an open container and store with clothes in closet or sprinkle soda directly on fabric and let stand; then shake or vacuum.

Paint-latex: Treat while wet. Soak in cold water; wash in cool water with heavy-duty
detergent. After paint has dried 6 to 8 hours, removal is very difficult. Treat as combination stain. Wash in hot water, Rinse. Repeat treatment.

Paint-oil-based: Treat while wet. Use thinner recommended for paint. Use spot

treatment technique and thinner on spots until paint is softened and can be flushed away in heavy-duty detergent wash. Usually turpentine or alcohol will work as solvents.

Perspiration: Apply liquid detergent or soak in warm water with presoak product 15
to 30 minutes. Launder etc.

CHEMICALS USED FOR STAIN REMOVAL.

Detergents Acids and Alkalis Bleaches Pretreatment Products Absorbent Materials Odor-reducing Agents Miscellaneous Chemicals Lubricants for Greasy Stains

Detergents Heavy-duty liquid detergents (Era, Fab, Grease Relief, Tide, Wisk) Light-duty liquid detergents (Delicare, Ivory, Lux,Woolite) Powdered detergents (Amway, Cheer, Dash, Oxydol, Sears, Tide)
Acids and Alkalis Ammonia solultion Vinegar solution

Bleaches
Hydrogen peroxide Powdered all-fabricc bleaches (sodium perborate)(Biz, Borateem, Clorox 2; Purex, Snowy) Liquid all-fabric bleaches (Snowy, Vivid) Liquid chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite)(Clorox, Hi-lex,Purex) Liquid chlorine bleaches have a limited shelf-life. If your bleach is more than six months old and has no effect on stains, it may need to be replaced with fresh bleach. To test for colorfastness to liquid chlorine bleaches, mix I tablespoon of bleach with 1/4 cup of water. Use an eyedropper to put a drop of this solution on a hidden seam or pocket edge inside the garment. Let it stand two minutes, then blot dry. If there is no color change it is safe to use the product. Powdered bleach packages have directions for doing colorfastness tests.

Pretreatment Products
Aerosol sprays-petroleum-based solvent (Clorox, Shout, Spray'n Wash) Pump-type sprays-- detergent based (Clorox, Shout, Spray'n Wash)

Absorbent Materials
Clean white cloths Paper towels (white) Sponges (white or neutral colored) Caution: Colored sponges or paper towels can bleed dyes onto fabrics, making dye stains that may be difficult to remove.

Odor-reducing Agents
Activated charcoal Calcium carbonate Soda

Miscellaneous Chemicals
Iodine Sodium thiosulfate

Lubricants for Greasy Stains

Mineral oil Dry spotter

Steps to select a solvent.

Hazard:Choose a solvent from the lowest
possible hazard category in the list above. Avoid the use of substances in group E because they may cause serious and irreversible ill-health effects such as asthma, dermatitis and cancer.

Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL): There are two types of OEL

Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs) andOccupational Exposure Standards (OESs). Exposure to a substance with an OES should be reduced at least to the OES.

Factors of spotting in industry.

Appearance - Spots that are lighter than the surrounding unaffected area are the result of color loss. Spots that are darker than the surrounding unaffected areas are the result of something added. Spots that end-up changing in different light and diminish or disappear in direct intense light are the result of texture variations, usually from over aggressive mechanical action. Health & safety - Protect yourself with gloves, face mask, and respirator when using dangerous chemicals. Dangerous chemicals such as Erusticator, and strippers, and some solvents should be rinsed out completely after using. Chemicals - Physically remove as must excess of the spot as possible before adding chemicals. VDS is the first chemical to use on an unknown spot. Strong oxidizers, strippers are the last chemicals to use. Application - Do not distort the texture of the fiber. Tap and blot, do not brush and rub. Work from the outside of the spot to the inside. Blot up excessive usage of chemicals. Wait to evaluate the results.

Spotting Station.
The spotting board has a flat working surface where most tamping and mechanical action occurs. The nose or front of the board has a Teflon cover and has the ability to vacuum when activated by a foot pedal. A flat surfaced sleeve board allows for work on cuffs and small areas of garments. It, too, has a nose that has a vacuum when activated. The board is equipped with three pedals that activate steam. Additionally, the board has a spotting gun that creates a vacuum and/or emits air. The preferred gun has a venture ability, coupled to a supply vessel allowing for the agent to be atomized with the air or steam flow.

At the rear of the spotting board is a storage area for spotting agents, brushes and bowls.

Characteristics of station.
Well ventilated Properly illuminated Well arranged equipment within reach of spotter

proper hygiene
Proper safely like fire extinguisher, gloves, apronsetc Proper storage of dangerous chemicals.

Spotting Equipments.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED IN INDUSTRY FOR STAIN REMOVAL:

The following tools are necessary for proper removal of stains. 1. White Towels: a. Used as an absorbent for either solvent or water. b. Used to absorb stains as they are flushed from a fabric. c. Used to test or indicate dye bleeding from fabric. d. Used to clean spotting board surface.

2. Spotting Brushes: a. Two colors of brushes are used: i. Black with agents on the dry side. ii. White with agents on the wet side. b. At least two brushes per color should be available with different bristle hardness. c. A padded spotting brush is useful. d. Brushes are used for tamping. The mechanical action aids in the removal of stains.

3. Spatula (Bone): a. Used to break up stains; allows agents to penetrate. b. Should not be used in a pointed fashion. c. Used only with minimal mechanical action. 4. Cheesecloth: a. Used for feathering. b. Used for testing for dye or colourfastness.

5. Scissors: Used to cut small samples of fabric for testing purposes. 6. Eye Dropper: Used to apply small amounts of agents.

7. Open Water Container (Bowl): a. Used for water source and spotting. b. Used for flushing wet side agents. 8. Spotting Board: a. The main piece of equipment that allows you to remove stains.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
Always make sure the solvent you are treating the spot with will not affect the garment. This is done by doing a preliminary test in hidden portion of the garment. Stain removal should take place under the best possible light conditions and adequate ventilation.

Always examine the spot first and properly. Try, if possible, to determine what substance caused it.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
CAUTION: Never use chlorine bleach or best possible light conditions and with adequate alkalis on any material containing silk, wool, or any other animal fibre.
If you are spotting rayon articles, never treat them with organic solvents unless resistance to the treatment is known by a preliminary test on an unexposed portion of the garment.

When using chemical agents always allow ample time for the agent to start to act on a spot before trying to remove it.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
When you use the spatula to help the cleaning formula to penetrate the spot, be careful. Rub the spatula back and forth across the spot using short smooth strokes without applying too much pressure. This will prevent damage to the fabric. Always use the proper spotting brush. The spotting brush should be used in the same manner as the spatula to prevent damage to the fabric.

Avoid excessive friction when treating silk or rayon fabrics. Where some friction is necessary,it is recommended you use the wrong side of the garment.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.
Do not use the spatula on silk or synthetic fabrics. The pressure you can apply on it without causing damage to the fabric will be insufficient to do any good. When you remove spots and stains Allow sufficient time for the cleaning solution to penetrate, but remove it as soon as possible to prevent damage.

All chemical agents used in spotting must be rinsed from the fabric thoroughly before you dry or press the fabric.

Controlling Expose.
Tore and dispense safely Avoid spraying

Provide adequate ventilation

Minimise skin contact

Provide personal protective equipment (PPE)

Ensure adequate personal hygiene

Provide training for workers

Government Norms
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
TCE and PERC are listed hazardous wastes under RCRA. Both chemicals are listed in RCRA under F001 and F002. F001 specifies TCE and PERC used in degreasing. F002 specifies TCE and PERC when they are spent and all spent solvent mixtures/blends containing, This applies to sludge generated from spin-disk filters , still bottoms generated from distillation, separator water and the effluent from water based technologies

Environmental Issues.
solvent that can harm aquatic life should not be used for ex hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agent instead of chlorine. Highly inflammable chemical having ignition temp less than 30 degree cel. should not be used or carefully stored if required. Emission level should be less than OEL.

Latest developments.
OLEOPHOBOCOL CP : A highly efficient stain remover developed by Dupont and Hutsman Textile. It is highly efficient silicon and mineral oil free penetration that is good for dyeing natural and synthetic fibers. It also offers stain repellent finish for cotton fibers, synthetics fibers and their blends. Its dye bath agent called ALBAFLOW UNI-O1.

Conclusion.
Spotting is a very important finishes applied on garment because it is at the apex of all operation therefore the chances of getting stained of garment is quite common due to handling or mechanical mark and these mark needs to removed without harming garment. A spot can reduce the value of a finished garment to zero. Therefore its vital.

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Thank you