DRUGS CONTAINING GLYCOSIDES

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

The aglycone part of these glycosides has soap like action Produces foaming action by shaking with water and yield colloidal solutions. Generally considered as haemotoxic, because they cause hemolysis of eryhthrocytes.
Due to this activity, some of them are used as fish poisons.

Cause irritation of mucous membrane (sternutatory). Mostly non-crystalline substances, soluble in water and alcohol and insoluble in nonpolar organic solvents
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 3

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Chemically, they contain aglycone called as sapogenin.

Sapogenins are high molecular weight substances which by acetylation give crystalline forms.

Depending on the nature of aglycone, saponins are categorized into 2 groups viz.
Steroidal saponins (Tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins): C 30; mainly in Dicotyledons. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins: C-27; mainly in Monocotyledons.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 4

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE

Sug-O

Sug-O

Steroidal Saponins

Triterpenoidal Saponins
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 6

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Economical uses
1. Cleaning industrial equipment & fine fabrics. 2. Powerful emulsifier. 3. Steroidal sapogenins used in semisynthesis of cortisone & sex hormones.

Medicinal uses
1. Expectorant 2. Immunostimulant 3. Control of schistosomiasis snails (molluscicides)
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 7

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Tests for Identification:

Froth test: 1 ml of aqueous solution of saponin or plant extract + shake persistent & voluminous froth. Hemolysis test: Suspension of RBCs in normal saline + equal volume of plant extract in normal saline + shake gently clear red solution indicating hemolysis of RBCs (compared with blank).

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

LIQUORICE

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

LIQUORICE

Botanical origin: The dried peeled or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and its varieties
Family Leguminosae =Fabaceae.

Geographical Source: Licorice is native to the Medditerranean region, Spain, Italy, England, France, Germany, U.S.A., Russia and Egypt. Different varieties of G. glabra:

G. glabra var. typica: Spanish liquorice; Has purplish blue colored papilionaceous flowers; Has large number of stolons.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 10

LIQUORICE
G. glabra var. glandulifera: Russian liquorice; Has big root stock along with a number of elongated roots; Does not bear stolons. G. glabra var. violaceae: Persian liquorice; Shows violet flowers.

Cultivation & Collection:

Spanish liquorice cultivated commercially. Propagation of the plant is done with young pieces of stolons. Plant requires deep sandy soil which is well prepared and added with farmyard manures. Pieces of stolons are plantedKakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 211 Dr. Harish in March at

LIQUORICE
Fertilizers to be supplied when the green parts are developing. Crop kept free of weeds. Harvested 3-4 years after planting when they show sufficient growth. Rhizomes & roots are dug up in october, preferably from the plants which have not borne the fruits.
Buds & rootlets are removed.

Drug is washed. Drug dried first under the sun and then in shades.
During drying it loses 50% of its weight.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 12

LIQUORICE Macroscopy

Color:
Unpeeled: yellowish brown or dark brown externally; yellowish internally. Peeled: pale yellow in color

Odour: Faint & characteristic Taste: Sweet Size:

Length: 20-50cm Diameter: 2cm

Shape: Cylindrical pieces which are straight, may be peeled or unpeeled.

Peeled liquorice is angular.

Fracture: Fibrous in bark; Splintery in wood.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 13

LIQUORICE Macroscopy

Surface:
Unpeeled pieces: Shows presence of small buds encircling scaly leaves and longitudinally the drug is wrinkled. Peeled drug: Fibrous, without wrinkles.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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LIQUORICE
MICROSCOPY: Important histological diagnostic characters: Unpeeled drug: Presence of polyhedral tubular brownish cork cells. Fibres: Thick, lignified or partially lignified.
In the groups of 10-15 in phloem & xylem.

Vessels: Large and closely arranged with bordered pits. Starch & calcium oxalate found in parenchyma. Differentiating character between roots & stolons:

Roots: Characterised by tetrarch xylem; Absence of pith. Stolons: Pith is present & is Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP parenchymatous.

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LIQUORICE
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
Chief constituent: Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhizin: A triterpenoidal saponin glycoside. Also called Glycyrrhizic acid or Glycyrrhizinic acid. Present in nature as potassium and calcium salt. Present upto 5- 10% in Spanish liquorice; 10% in Russian variety; 7.5- 13% in Persian liquorice. Being a glycoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, on hydrolysis gives an aglycone and a glycone portions: Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycrrhetinic acid (Glycyrrhetic acid), which is an aglycone of triterpenoidal structure + 2 moles of Gluconic Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 16 acid.

LIQUORICE

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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LIQUORICE
STANDARDS: Ash value:
Peeled drug: Not more than 6% Unpeeled drug: Not more than 10%

Acid insoluble ash:

Peeled drug: Not more than 1% Unpeeled drug: Not more than 2%

Water soluble extractive: Not less than 20%, including 7% of glycyrrhizin Dilute alcohol soluble extractive: Not less than 25%

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 18

LIQUORICE
CHEMICAL TESTS: Thick section of Liquorice root or its powder + 80% Sulfuric acid Deep yellow color. ADULTERANTS & SUBSTITUTES: Manchurian Liquorice:
Obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Pale chocolate brown in color with exfoliated cork & wavy medullary rays.

Russian Liquorice:
Peeled drug. Obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera. Purplish in color with numer Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP Dr.

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LIQUORICE
USES: Demulcent Flavoring agent and sweetner Anti-tussive and expectorant Anti-bacterial Useful in gastric and duodenal ulcers Anti-spasmolytic activity Mineralocorticoid activity, due to glycyrrhetinic acid. So employed in place of corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammations and addisons disease.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 20

GINSENG

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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GINSENG

SYNONYMS: Ninjin, Pannag, Panax. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Ginseng is the dried root of various species of Panax, like P. ginseng (Korean ginseng), P. japonica (Japanese ginseng), P. notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolium (American ginseng). Family: Araliaceae GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Widely grown in: Korea, China, Russia Commercially cultivated: Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Canada & USA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 22

GINSENG
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION: Cultivation technology adopted in Korea: In this technique, propagation by seeds in nursery beds. Transplanted into open fields i.e. permanent beds Ripe seeds collected from 4 year old plants Sown in November in nursery beds.
There are 3 types of nursery beds: Yang-Jik, To- Jik & Ban-Yang-jik
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 23

GINSENG
After attaining sufficient growth, seedlings dug up in the following May Transplanted to permanent beds for next 3-5 yrs.
Ginseng requires clay loam or sandy loam soil. Grows at an altitudes from 100- 800 meters. Soil with high amount of potassium gives better result. About 10-15 seedlings are planted in 1 sq. mt. Use of fertilizers avoided, but before transplantation, the soil is mixed with large amounts of green grass. Periodic weeding done. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 24

GINSENG
About 7-10 days after transplantation, shades are provided to plants to protect them from excessive sunlight. Plants harvested 3-5 yrs after transplantation (generally between July to October) Ginseng obtained by removing the outer layers of the roots. Red ginseng is obtained by first steaming the roots and after that they are dried.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 25

GINSENG
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: Shape: Tuberous corpulent roots. Color: Yellowish brown, white or red in color depending on type. Surface: Translucent and possesses the stem scars

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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GINSENG
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Contains a mixture of saponin glycosides, belonging to triterpenoid group. They are grouped as follows:
Ginsenosides Panaxosides Chikusetsusaponin

Ginsenosides contain aglycone: dammarol Panaxosides contain aglycone: oleanolic acid Panaxosides give oleanolic acid,

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 27

GINSENG

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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GINSENG
STANDARDS: Foreign organic matter: Not more than 2% Total ash: Not less than 4.2% Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 1.0% Sulfated ash: Not more than 12.0% Alcohol soluble extractive: Not more than 14.0% USES: Important Immunomodulatory drug Both stimulant & sedative properties. Used as aphrodisiac Useful in adrenal & thyroid dysfunctioning
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 29

GINSENG
USES: Used externally in cosmetics. Given as demulcent and in gastritis & anaemia. Although ginseng shows a low toxicity, long term use leads to poisoning, similar to that of corticosteroids.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA
SYNONYMS: Yam, Rheumatism root BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of dried tubers of the plants, Dioscorea deltoidea, D. compositae and other species of Dioscorea Family: Dioscoreaceae. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Found growing in North Western Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and China Cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir and in part of Himachal Pradesh
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA
CULTIVATION & COLLECTION: Healthy tubers of 70-80 g in weight with crown are selected for cultivation. Treated with fungicide & sown in nursery beds It takes 30-40 days for sprouting After 2-3 months of growth, tubers transplanted in the field
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 33

DIOSCOREA

While planting, the tubers are placed at a distance of 30 x 60cm Initially, the veins are weak & tender & they need support for their optimum growth.
Trellis of 2.5cm in height are provided for this purpose.

Since tubers are very exhaustive, a high dose of farmyard manure to the extent of 510 tonnes/ hectare is applied. Irrigation done every 10 days. Harvesting done by deep ploughing in the dormant season.
During this dormant period, diosgenin content is found to be high as compared to other seasons. Yield is as high as 18 tonnes per hectare.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: Color: Slightly brown Odour: Odourles Taste: Bitter Size: Varies depending upon age of rhizomes. EXTRA FEATURES: Climber with alternate leaves Rhizomes: Soft, horizontally arranged & very close to the soil Drug is covered with scattered roots. They weigh about 20-50 g
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 35

DIOSCOREA

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA
MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS: Epidermis normally absent. Cork consists of only few layers, followed by thin walled cortical parenchymatous tissue. Stele forms the major part of the drug.
Consists of several close collateral fibrovascular bundles.

Endodermis & pericycle are indistinguishable.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 37

DIOSCOREA
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: Chief constituent: Diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin
Its glycosides: smilagenin, epismilagenin & -isomer yammogenin. Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of saponindioscin.

75% Starch Also an enzyme called sapogenase Tubers are rich in glycosides and phenolic compounds

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 38

DIOSCOREA

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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DIOSCOREA
USES: Precursor for synthesis of several corticosteroids, sex hormones & oral contraceptives. In the treatment of rheumatic arthritis. ALLIED SPECIES: Dioscorea flouribunda:
Cultivated in Central America & India Contains 3-5% diosgenin.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 40

DIOSCOREA

Dioscorea villosa:
Mainly cultivated in Virginia & Carolina in USA. Rich in diosgenin content.

D. deltoidea var. sikkimensis:

Occurs in Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bihar & Bengalup to an altitude of 1600-2000 m. Contains 2 to 2.8 % of diosgenin.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 41

SENEGA

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA
SYNONYMS: Senega root, Senega snake root, Radix Senegae, Rattlesnake root BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Senega root is the dried root & rootstock of Polygala senega or Polygata senega var. latifolia. Family: Polygalaceae. It should contain not less than 29% of alcohol soluble extractive. GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Indigenous to Minnesota in USA & Eastern Canada Presently cultivated in Japan.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 43

SENEGA
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: General appearance: Twisted branched roots with a knotty crown Shape: Elongated tapering root & bearing a tufted crown. Consists of numerous purplish buds & aerial stem bases. Size: Length- 5 to 20 cm; Diameter- 2 to 12 cm. Surface:
Longitudinally straited Just below the crown transverse wrinkles Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP present.

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SENEGA
(Contd) Root shows often 2 or more branches. In some roots, on the lower 2/3rd surface, spiral keel is seen.

Color: Greyish brown to yellowish brown. Fracture: Short Odor: Characteristic, resembling methyl salicylate, sternutatory. Taste: First sweet then bitter, acrid & irritating.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 46

SENEGA
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS: Vascular Bundle arrangement: DiarchPrimary xylem at the centre, surrounded by secondary xylem.
Root: Xylem in the centre Bark: Xylem in the outer part

In some sections, wedge/ wedges in the xylem & ridge or keel in the phloem are seen. No phloem fibres. Rootstock shows central parenchymatous pith. Also shows presence of cork, phellogen, collencymatous phelloderm.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS: 2 Saponin glycosides Triterpenoidal in nature Senegin (4%) & Polygalic acid (5.5%) Senegin, on hydrolysis, gives senegenin, senegenic acid & presenegenin Contains other derived forms of presenegenin called senegin II Sweet taste of the drug is due to polygalitol (1.6- anhydro sorbitol)

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA

Odour of the drug is due to small amount of methyl salicylate.

Methyl salicylate formed as a result of breakdown of some unknown glycoside.

Also contains fixed oil and sterol. Does not contain starch.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA
STANDARDS: Ash value: About 4% Alcohol soluble extractive: Not less than 29% USES: Stimulant expectorant Used in treatment of chronic bronchitis Large doses of senega cause vomiting

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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SENEGA
ALLIED DRUGS: 1. Indian Senega:
Root & rootstock of Polygala chinensis Collected from 3- 4 year old plants. Does not contain saponins.
2.

Spurious Indian Senega:

Root of Glinus oppositifolia, belonging to family Molluginaceae. Contains saponin & starch Shows several rings of vascular bundles.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 52

SENEGA
3.

White senega:
Root of Polygala alba Obtained from souhtern states of USA. Does not show keel. Has less acrid taste & also less activity.

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

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