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COURSE MATERIAL
This is a classic thermal systems design course. It is application intensive and covers flow in pipes and piping systems, pumps and pumping systems, heat exchangers and heat exchanger design, and thermal system simulation.
The ME 415 Add-In offers several unique user-defined functions for application of course material in the Excel environment. As a result, students are able to solve complex problems through elimination of cumbersome hand calculations or reading of charts and graphs.
Call
Requires
known function name and argument constraints (specific units, range sizes, etc.)
Call
Provides
This method requires the user to highlight desired cell(s) for output and type =Function Name(Arg1,Arg2,)
For example, we desire to know the Nusselt number for turbulent flow in a tube. This method requires
knowing what arguments the function needs to compute the desired output. Direct cell call method becomes useful when user has gained experience with a specific function or group of functions.
This method uses the user ribbon and the Insert Function button located at the top of the Excel 2007 window.
Advantages of this method are function lists and descriptions that provide details on each arguments requirements .
Highlight cell(s) for desired output and select the formulas tab on the user-ribbon as seen on following slide. Then click either Insert-Function button
From the Insert-Function pop up window displayed on the right, select User Defined from the function category list.
User can select the correct function by scrolling through each function and its description. Once function is selected, spaces are provided for each argument. Some arguments can be optional such as the Quiet argument on the NuDTurbTube function.
The ME 415 Add-In provides tools for several special design calculations.
Heat Transfer Fin Efficiency Heat Exchanger Effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method Pump Performance Correction for Viscous Fluids Hardy-Cross Flow and Hazen-Williams Head Loss Analysis Friction Factor Calculator (Swamee-Jain and Churchill) Nusselt Number
FIN EFFICIENCY
The function call from the Excel spreadsheet is =fin_eff(Index,m,l,ri,ro) or =fin_eff_fintype(m,l,ri,ro) which will provide an equivalent result for an Index corresponding to the same fin type.
FIN EFFICIENCY
Study of finned surfaces in heat exchanger design requires analysis of fin efficiency. Calculation of fin efficiency can become cumbersome with complex fin geometries. With known fin dimensions, the user-defined function fin_eff readily calculates fin efficiency. From calculation of fin efficiency, further analysis of finned surface properties such as total surface effectiveness can be easily determined.
FIN EFFICIENCY
When using the =fin_eff_fintype function call, the following function names should be used for each specific fin geometry.
=fin_eff_rect(m, l)
=fin_eff_tri(m, l) =fin_eff_rect_c(m, l, ri, ro) ri and ro are required arguments here Round Pin Fin =fin_eff_pin_R(m, l)
FIN EFFICIENCY
An Index value of 1,2,3,4,5, or 6 should be supplied for the appropriate fin geometry. 1 Straight Rectangular Fins =fin_eff(1,m, l)
FIN EFFICIENCY
Function arguments ri and ro are provided as optional. When Index 3 is used for a circular rectangular fin, ri and ro are required. Otherwise, they should not be supplied.
NTU METHOD
The function calls from the Excel spreadsheet are =Hx_eff( Index,NTU,Cmin ,Cmax ,Passes) and =Hx_NTU( Index,eff, Cmin ,Cmax ,Passes). The function Hx_eff uses known parameters NTU, Cmin, Cmax, and No. of Passes to calculate heat exchanger effectiveness.
NTU=UA/Cmin. Cmin is the smaller of the two capacities Ch and Cc. Cmax is the larger of the two capacities Ch and Cc. Passes is an optional argument (specific to certain heat exchanger types).
The function Hx_NTU uses known parameters effectiveness, Cmin, Cmax, and No. of Passes to calculate NTU.
NTU METHOD
Heat exchanger analysis where only inlet conditions are known uses the Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method to determine heat exchanger effectiveness. Effectiveness NTU relations for some heat exchanger types require iterative calculation which is simplified by user-defined functions Hx_eff and Hx_NTU.
NTU METHOD
An Index value of 1-8 should be supplied for the appropriate heat exchanger type.
1 Parallel flow: single pass 2 Counterflow: single pass 3 Shell and tube (one shell pass; 2,4,6, etc., tube passes) 4 Shell and tube (n shell passes; 2n, 4n, 6n, etc., tube passes) - - Passes argument required 5 Cross flow (both streams unmixed) 6 Cross flow (both streams mixed) 7 Cross flow (stream Cmin unmixed) 8 Cross flow (stream Cmax unmixed)
Index 4 requires input of the No. of passes. All other indexes should not have No. of passes supplied.
NTU METHOD
The direct cell call method uses =Hx_eff( Index,NTU,Cmin ,Cmax ,Passes) and =Hx_NTU( Index,eff, Cmin ,Cmax ,Passes). The user-ribbon call method is shown in the figure below.
VISCOUS PUMP
The function calls from the Excel spreadsheet are =Vis_pump_QHE(QHE_Matrix,Vis) and =Vis_pump_CF(QBE, HBE, Vis). The function Vis_pump_QHE uses a pre-calculated QHE matrix and viscosity of the pumping fluid to provide corresponding flow and head values for the high viscosity fluid. The user can then generate (plot) a new pump curve with the supplied output. The function Vis_pump_CF uses known best efficiency point (BEP) flow and head values along with the viscosity of the pumping fluid to provide correction factors that correct the pump curve data. The user can multiply these correction factors with original pump data to find corresponding flow and head values for the high viscosity fluid.
VISCOUS PUMP
Because pump performance is greatly affected by highly viscous fluids, a correction method must be used to estimate performance when manufacturers data is not available. These pump corrections can be found from charts but is simplified through user-defined functions Vis_pump_QHE and Vis_pump_CF. With the known best efficiency point (BEP) of a specific pump, the correction factors for efficiency, flow, Head0.6Q, Head0.8Q, Head1.0Q, and Head1.2Q can be found. Both user-defined functions use a BEP to calculate and output the new data for a high viscosity pumping fluid.
VISCOUS PUMP
The function Vis_pump_QHE uses a precalculated QHE Matrix and known viscosity.
The QHE matrix is a 4 x 3 matrix that the user must generate for input into the Vis_pump_QHE function.
From
a given pump curve (water), determine the BEP (highest efficiency). From this point, the user determines the flow and head at the pumps best efficiency. The 4 x 3 matrix is then generated as follows.
VISCOUS PUMP
Vis_pump_QHE outputs a matrix of cells. To execute the function, the user must highlight the expected output of cells. The output is the same size as the input QHE matrix (4 x 3).
Highlight any open cells in a 4 x 3 matrix. Call =Vis_pump_QHE( QHE_Mat(4 x 3),Vis). Once all arguments are entered, the keystroke command Ctrl+Shift+Enter (Do NOT press OK) must be used to obtain the desired corrected pump curve data.
VISCOUS PUMP
The output of the cells is corrected pump curve data for the high viscosity fluid.
VISCOUS PUMP
The function Vis_pump_CF uses known BEP arguments flow (QBE), head (HBE), and viscosity.
Flow (GPM) Head (ft) Viscosity (SSU Saybolt Seconds Universal)
Vis_pump_CF outputs an array of cells. To execute the function, the user must highlight the expected array of six cells in any column and call =Vis_pump_CF( Flow,Head,Vis). Once all arguments are entered, the keystroke command Ctrl+Shift+Enter (Do NOT press OK) must be used to obtain the desired correction factors.
VISCOUS PUMP
Output array:
C CQ CH (0.6 x QNW) CH (0.8 x QNW) CH (1.0 x QNW) CH (1.2 x QNW)
VISCOUS PUMP
For flows equal to or less than 100 GPM, correction factors for 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 flow rates will be equal. Otherwise, correction factors will vary.
HARDY-CROSS ANALYSIS
Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams are two methods for calculating head loss through pipes. They use unique parameters to
HARDY-CROSS ANALYSIS
Hardy-Cross formulation is an iterative method for obtaining the steady-state solution for any generalized series-parallel flow network. It can be systematically applied to any fluid flow network. While Hardy-Cross flow values can be obtained using solver in Excel, an alternative method that employs user-defined functions Hardy_Darcy and Hardy_Hazen supplies the same solution.
The function Hardy _Darcy uses system geometry, initial guesses for line flow rates, loop-node analysis, pipe roughness, density, and dynamic viscosity to determine flow through the system. Corresponding to the number of pipes in the system, the user should supply a range of lengths (RngL), diameters (RngD), initial flow guesses (RngQ), and epsilon values coefficients (RngE). The user also supplies a n-connection matrix (RngN), a density, and a dynamic viscosity. The function call from the Excel spreadsheet is =Hardy_Darcy(RngL,RngD,RngQ,RngN,RngE,rho, vis).
The user must input a rho (density) and vis (dynamic viscosity). Typical units for each are lbm/ft3 and ft2/sec, respectively, when units of Q are ft3/sec. Hardy_Darcy outputs an array of cells. To execute the function, the user must highlight the expected array of cells (No. of pipes in system) in any column and call =Hardy_Darcy(RngL,RngD,RngQ,RngN,RngE,rh o,vis). Once all arguments are entered, the keystroke command Ctrl+Shift+Enter (Do NOT press OK) must be used to obtain the desired Hardy flow values.
The final array output Hardy _Darcy flow values are shown above. Darcy-Weisbach head loss values through each pipe can then be found with these known flow rates.
The function Hardy _Hazen uses system geometry, initial guesses for line flow rates, and loop-node analysis to determine flow through the system. Corresponding to the number of pipes in the system, the user should supply a range of lengths (RngL), diameters (RngD), initial flow guesses (RngQ), and Hazen-Williams coefficients (RngC). The user also supplies a n-connection matrix (RngN), a tolerance value (tol), and a K1 value (k1). The function call from the Excel spreadsheet is =Hardy_Hazen(RngL,RngD,RngQ,RngN,RngC,tol, k1).
The final array output Hardy _Hazen flow values are shown above. HazenWilliams head loss values through each pipe can then be found with these known flow rates.
Since HazenWill also uses range inputs, the keystroke command Ctrl+Shift+Enter must again be used to obtain the expected array Hazen-Williams head loss values.
FRICTION FACTOR
Swamee-Jain and Churchill are two methods for calculating friction factors, a value necessary for calculating head loss through piping. Each function must be used with caution, as they each represent friction factors for different flow regions.
FRICTION FACTOR
The Swamee-Jain friction factor calculation is appropriate for use only in a region of turbulent flow.
The Churchill friction factor calculation is appropriate for use in any region of flow
Useful in
Laminar Transition Turbulent
FRICTION FACTOR
NUSSELT NUMBERS
Optional Inputs in italics NuxPlate(Re, Pr, Rexc, Quiet) NuBarPlate(Re, Pr, Rexc, Quiet) NuDBarCyl(Re, Pr, Quiet) NuDBarSphere(Re, Pr, mu_mus, Quiet) NuDBarTubes(Re, Pr, St_D, Sl_D, Aligned, Nl, Quiet) NuDBarZTubes(Re, Pr, Prs, St_Sl, Aligned, Nl, Quiet) NuDBarLamTube(Re, Pr, D_L, Thermal, mu_mus, Quiet) NuDTurbTube(Re, Pr, Quiet) NuDLiqMetals (Re, Pr, UniformT, Quiet)
NUSSELT NUMBERS
The functions are reliable only over certain ranges. An answer will be returned, but it is up to the user to decide if it is adequate. A warning will appear for values outside the reliable range for the function. Quiet - Each function has an optional Quiet input. True or 1 will turn off the warnings. False if omitted.
NuxPlate(Re, Pr, Rexc, Quiet) Returns the local Nusselt number at x Inputs based on the film temperature, Tf = (Ts+T)/2
Re - Reynolds number, Rex = V x / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / Rexc - Critical Reynolds number. Reynolds number at transition point from laminar to turbulent. If Re < Rexc, then laminar calculation. Otherwise, the calculation is for turbulent flow. If omitted, Recx = 5 X 105 For laminar, Pr 0.6 For turbulent, Rex 108, 0.6 Pr 60
V, T
Ranges
Laminar
x Ts
Turbulent
NuBarPlate(Re, Pr, Rexc, Quiet) Returns the average Nusselt number from 0 to x Inputs based on the film temperature, Tf = (Ts+T)/2
Re - Reynolds number, Rex = V x / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / Rexc Critical Reynolds number. Reynolds number at transition point from laminar to turbulent. If Re < Rexc, then laminar calculation. Otherwise, the calculation is for a mix of laminar and turbulent. If omitted, Recx = 5 X 105 For laminar, Pr 0.6 For mixed, ReL 108, 0.6 Pr 60
V, T Laminar x
Ranges
Rex, c
Turbulent Ts
Range
ReD Pr 0.2
NUSSELT: SPHERE
NuDBarSphere(Re, Pr, mu_mus, Quiet) Returns the average Nusselt number for flow over a sphere Inputs based on the ambient fluid temperature, T, except s
Re - Reynolds number, ReD = V D / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / mu_mus - / s; viscosity ratio calculated from T and Ts at the surface
Range
NuDBarTubes(Re, Pr, St_D, Sl_D, Aligned, Nl, Quiet) Returns the average Nusselt number for crossflow over a bank of tubes Inputs based on the film temperature, Tf = (Ts+T)/2
Re - Reynolds number, ReD, max = Vmax D / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / St_D - Transverse spacing / Diameter, St / D Sl_D - Longitudinal spacing / Diameter, Sl / D Aligned - True or 1 for Aligned tubes, False or 0 for Staggered tubes. Aligned if omitted. Nl - Number of rows, if less than 10. Allows for correction factor if there are less than 10 rows. If omitted, Nl 10
Aligned - Vmax = St V / (St-D) Staggered
Vmax
Aligned
St St Sl
Staggered
SD
Ranges
Rows
Rows
Sl
NuDBarZTubes(Re, Pr, Prs, St_Sl, Aligned, Nl, Quiet) Returns the average Nusselt number for crossflow over a bank of tubes based on a new correlation by Zukauskas Inputs based on the film temperature, Tf = (Ts+T)/2
Re - Reynolds number, ReD, max = Vmax D / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / Prs - Prandtl number calculated for the average of the inlet and outlet temperatures St_Sl - Transverse spacing / Longitudinal spacing, St / Sl Aligned - True or 1 for Aligned tubes, False or 0 for Staggered tubes. Aligned if omitted. Nl - Number of rows, if less than 20. Allows for correction factor if there are less than 20 rows. If omitted, Nl 20 Staggered
Vmax
Aligned
St St Sl
SD
Ranges
Rows
Rows
Sl
NuBarLamTube(Re, Pr, D_L, Thermal, mu_mus, Quiet) Returns the average Nusselt number for laminar flow through a circular tube Function based on uniform surface temperature Inputs based on the mean of the inlet and outlet temperatures, Tm = (Ti+To)/2, except s
Re - Reynolds number, ReD = V D / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / D_L - Diameter / Length, D / L Thermal - True or 1 for Thermal entry length, False or 0 for combined entry length. True if omitted.
Thermal entry assumes a fully developed velocity profile. For instance, if the tube is preceded by a section where there is no heat transfer. Also gives a good approximation for large Prandtl number fluids, like oil. Combined entry has both the velocity and thermal profiles developing simultaneously.
mu_mus - / s; viscosity ratio calculated from Tm and Ts at the surface; only needed for combined entry with Pr 5. 0 if omitted
Pr 0.6; For Pr 5, the answer is calculated with the thermal entry formula 0.0044 (/s) 9.75
NuDTurbTube(Re, Pr, Quiet) Returns the Nusselt number for turbulent flow through a circular tube Inputs based on the mean of the inlet and outlet temperatures, Tm = (Ti+To)/2
Range
NuDLiqMetals (Re, Pr, UniformT, Quiet) Returns the Nusselt number for liquid metal flow through a circular tube Other correlations do not apply to liquid metals
(3 X 10-3 Pr 5 X 10-2)
Inputs based on the mean of the inlet and outlet temperatures, Tm = (Ti+To)/2
Re - Reynolds number, ReD = V D / Pr - Prandtl number, Pr = Cp / k = / UniformT - True or 1 for uniform surface temperature, False or 0 for uniform heat flux at surface. True if omitted. For uniform surface temperature
Ranges
Peclet number, PeD = ReD X Pr 100 3.6 X 103 ReD 9.05 X 105 102 PeD 104