Laboratory Techniques

BTEC Higher National H1

Saman Kotigala BSc MSc BMS

Quantitative analytical techniques

Basic concepts Measurement of concentration:
Percentage- Mass/volume and mass/mass Moles Molar Solutions

Concentration
Concentration amount of solute per quantity of solvent
Ways to express the concentration of a solution
1.
2. 3.

Concentration as a Mass/Volume Percent

Concentration as a Mass/Mass Percent

Concentration as a Volume/Volume Percent

Mass/Volume Percent

Mass of solute dissolved in a volume of solution, expressed as a %

Mass of solute (in g) Volume of solution (in mL) x 100%

Mass/volume percent =

Example: Saline solution contains 0.9g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 mL of solution or 0.9%

A pharmacist adds 2.00 mL of distilled water to 4.00g of a powdered drug. The final volume of the solution is 3.00 mL.
a.

What is the percent (m/v) of the solution?

mass of solute (in g) Volume of solution (in mL) 4.00 g x 100% 3.00 mL = 133% x 100%

Mass/volume percent= =

Many people use a solution of trisodium phosphate to clean walls before putting up wall paper. The recommended concentration is 1.7% (m.v). What mass of TSP is need to make 2.0 L solution?
(m/v) percent = Mass of solute (g) Volume of solution (in mL) x 100%

rearrange the equation to solve for mass of solute Mass of solute= (m/v) percent x volume of solution 100% = 1.7% x 2000 mL 100% = 34 g

Concentration as a Mass/Mass percent

Mass/mass percent gives the mass of a solute divided by the mass of a solution - also referred to as percent (m/m)
Mass/mass percent = Mass of solute (in g) Mass of solution (in g) x 100 %

Calcium chloride can be used instead of road salt to melt the ice on roads during the winter. To determine how much calcium chloride had been used on a road, a student took a sample of slush to analyze. The sample had a mass of 23.47 g. When the solution was evaporated, the residue had a mass of 4.58 g. What was the mass/mass percent of calcium chloride in the slush?

Mass/mass percent = =

Mass of solute (in g) Mass of solution (in g) 4.58 g 23.47 g x 100%

x 100%

= 19.5 % The mass/mass percent was 19.5% (m/m) 19.5 g of calcium chloride was dissolved in 100 g of solution

Concentration as a Volume/Volume Percent

Volume/volume percent gives the volume of solute divided by the volume of solution Also referred to as percent (v/v), volume percent concentration
Volume/volume percent =

volume of solute (in mL) x 100% Volume of solution (in mL)

Rubbing alcohol is commonly used as an antiseptic for small cuts. It is sold as 70% (v/v) solution of isopropyl alcohol in water. What volume of isopropyl alcohol is used to make 500 mL of rubbing alcohol? Using this equation, volume of solute x 100 % Volume/volume percent = Volume of solution

Rearrange to solve for volume of solute:

Volume/volume % x volume of solution Volume of solute = 100%

= 70% x 500 mL 100%

= 350 mL 350 mL of isopropyl alcohol is used to make 500 mL of 70% (v/v) rubbing alcohol.

Concentration in parts per million or parts per billion

ppm parts per million (106)(one part solute per
million parts of solution)

ppb parts per billion (109)(one part solute per billion

parts of solution)

Usually mass/mass relationships ie. The mass of solute compared with the mass of solution. ppm = mass of solute (g) Mass of solution (g) x 106
Mass of solute Mass of solution =

xg 106 g of solution

What are molar solutions?

A molar solution is one that expresses concentration in moles per volume Usually the units are in mol/L mol/L can be abbreviated as M or [ ] Molar solutions are prepared using:

a balance to weigh moles (as grams)

a volumetric flask to measure litres

L refers to entire volume, not water! Because the units are mol/L, also can express
mol/dm-3

we can use the equation M = n/L

Calculations with molar solutions

Q: How many moles of NaCl are required to make 7.5 L of a 0.10 M solution? M=n/L, n = 0.10 M x 7.5 L = 0.75 mol # mol NaCl = 7.5 L x 0.10 mol NaCl = 0.75 mol 1L But in the lab we weigh grams not moles, so Q: How many grams of NaCl are required to make 7.5 L of a 0.10 M solution? # g NaCl = 7.5 L x 0.10 mol NaCl 1L x 58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl =43.83 g

Q: How many grams of NaOH are required to make 3.0 L of a 0.125 M solution? # g NaOH = 3.00 L x 0.125 mol NaOH 1L

x 40.00 g NaOH =15.0 g 1 mol NaOH

Q: Convert 355ppm to mol/L

355 ppm = 355 mg/L or 0.355 g/L # g CO2 = 1 L x 0.355 g CO2 = 0.355 g 1L 0.355 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2 = 8.07 x 103 mol 44.0 g CO2 = 8.07 x 103 mol/L

Practice making molar solutions

1. 2. 3. 4.

Calculate # of grams required to make 100 mL of a 0.10 M solution of NaOH (see above). Get volumetric flask, plastic bottle, 100 mL beaker, eyedropper. Rinse all with tap water. Fill a beaker with distilled water. Pour 20 - 30 mL of H2O from beaker into flask.

5.
6. 7. 8. 9.

Weigh NaOH. Add it to flask. Do step 5 quickly.

Mix (by swirling) until the NaOH is dissolved. Add distilled H2O to just below the colored line. Add distilled H2O to the line using eyedropper. Place solution in a bottle. Place label (tape) on bottle (name, date, chemical, molarity). Place bottle at front. Rinse & return equipment.

More Practice Questions

1.

2.

3.

4. 5.

How many grams of nitric acid are present in 1.0 L of a 63 g 1.0 M HNO3 solution? Calculate the number of grams needed to produce 1.00 L of these solutions: a) 1.00 M KNO3 101 g b) 1.85 M H2SO4 181 0.67 M KClO3 c) g 82 g Calculate the # of grams needed to produce each: a) 0.20 L of 1.5 M KCl b) 0.160 L of 0.300 M HCl a) 22 g b) 1.75 g c) 0.20 L of 0.09 mol/L AgNO3 d) 250 mL of 3.1 mol/L BaCl2 c) 3 g d) 0.16 kg Give the molarity of a solution containing 10 g of each solute in 2.5 L of solution: a)H2SO4 b)Ca(OH)2 Describe how 100 mL of a 0.10 mol/L a) 0.041 mol/L NaOH solution would be made. b) 0.054 mol/L