1.

Ethics : General Overview

Professionalism and Ethics in Information Technology 2/2012
Material in this lecture is adopted from the book Etika Komputer written by Teguh Wahyono, Andi Ofset 2006 Chapter 1

The Nature of Human Being

The most perfect creation of God Posseses analytical mind Senses/Feelings Will Human being is able to chose, at will, between the right or wrong things Bounded by its environment
Behavioral aspect of human

1.1. Definition of Ethics

Dictionary of Indonesia Language The science of good and bad Collection of principles related to behavior Values about right or wrong according to the society Ethics come from the word ethos (greek), meaning cultures, best practices related to good things Professor Robert Salomon : Ethics reflect individual character, ethical person = good person Ethics is social law. It governs, controls and limits individual behavior

Definition of Ethics-continued
Ethics then, is believed to be studied further (Fagothey-1953) Ethics is a study of humans will (kehendak manusia), related to the decision to be taken, either right or wrong Sumaryono (1995) elaborates further, stating that ethics is a study about true or false according to human destiny (kodrat manusia), realized in human to carryout his/her will

1.2 Ethics, Philosophy and Science

Sc Ethics

Philosophy Science Relation between Ethics, Philosophy and Science

Philosophy
Abdul Kadir (2001), classify philosophy further: 1. Intellectual activities Philosophy needs intellectual ability 2. Seeking for the truth (makna hakiki) 3. Facts and symptoms (fakta dan gejala) 4. With systematic methods and reflections 5. For the sake of the happiness of human beings

Ethics
Ethics is a part of philosophy, the philosophy of morality Ethics studies about the good and bad/evils As a part of science, Ethics is a study of humans will to make decision makings, which will influence the relationship between human beings Beside that, Ethics is a study of moral values which enables freedom caused by human consciousness, without being forced/compelled Ethics and Morality Some people belief they are the same (ethics and morality), some others belief they are different

1.3 Ethics, Moral and Norms of Life

Moral comes from Greeks word mos, meaning usual practices in community, best or good practices A person is said to have no morality ( a moral) if he or she acts outside or opposed to the best practices of the community Ethics covers wide area of knowledge, including psychology, sosiology, anthropology, cultures, philosophy of science, even political science

Ethics, Moral and Norms of Life

Lawrence Konhberg, points out six (6) steps of moral development which have relations with ethics 1. Oriented towards punishment, reward, physical strength and materials 2. Hedonistic interpersonal relation 3. Conformity oriented (anak manis) 4. Authority oriented 5. Social contract oriented ( persamaan gender dihormati, nilai-nilai lain berlandaskan faktor sosial dihargai) 6. Inner feelings/hearts oriented (hati nurani)

Ethics, Moral and Norms of Life

Soni Keraff (1991) stated that : morality is a value system guiding us on how to live in a good way as a human being Frans Magnis Suseno (1987) agrees with that notion: ethics is science not dogma (ajaran) morality teaches human being to develop norms

Relation between Ethics and Moral

Ethics

Moral

Ethi cs

Moral

Ethics Violation and Law

Factors contributing to unethical Acts 1. The need of an individual e.g. Corruption 2. No (ethical) guide 3. Behavior and indvidual practices 4. Unethical environments 5. The influence of authority/supervisor/leader

Ethics Violation and Law

Sanction (sangsi) on unethical behavior or conduct 1. Social sanction or social punishment 2. Legal sanction 3. Diciplinary sanction

Ethics

Moral Moral

Law Ethics Moral = Law

1.5 Development of Ethics in Society

There is a strong relation between ethics and norms in society. It develops to : 1. Descriptive ethics 2. Normative ethics Soni Keraf (1991) points out further 1. The norms of well behave (sopan santun) 2. Norms of Law/legal 3. The norms of moral

Development of Ethics in Society

Ethics and Technology : Future Challenges

Factors should be considered with regard to ethics in the ever developing technology : 1. The advancement of technology (computers), create paradigm shift in human life automated processes (opens the opportunity for crimes) the interconnection of world (internet) opens new challenges to competitive business, education and other practices 2. The development of human minds (mindset paradigm shift)

Ethics, Moral, and Law : Our/common Understanding

Mohon jangan bersendawa sehabis makan malam di Istana Sewaktu UTS berlangsung, peserta dilarang berbicara (SK Dekan FTUI no) Dilarang berbuat a-susila di taman ini (Perda DKI no ) Dilarang mengutip tulisan pengarang tanpa menyebutkan sumbernya (SK Rektor ttg Plagiarisme no ) Dilarang kencing didepan pintu ini ! Dokter tidak dapat melakukan tindakan medis tanpa izin pasien Ahli teknik dalam proyek ini harus bersertifikat sesuai bidangnya Pemrogram diwajibkan membuat program sesuai spesifikasi Seseorang tidak diperkenankan memasuki direktori milik orang lain tanpa izin Pemrogram tidak diizinkan untuk membuat dan menyebar program yang dapat merusak arsip orang lain

Case Study : The Computer Worm

Practically, the first case of computer virus attack known so far, designed by Robert T. Morris, Jr (RTM) Background : RTM as a graduate student of Cornell University (Comp.
Science Department) created a worm software that eats up memory space of computers on the networks Take the advantage of weaknesses BSD 4.3 Unix OS A unique software, able to reproduce itself and be active by itself upon arrival at a new environment/computer
Taken from Deborah Johnson & Weizenbaum : Computers Ethivcs and Social Values

Robert T. Morris, Jr
RTM was the son of RTM Sr, a highly respected of computer scientist of The National Security Center. RTM Sr is known as the experts of computer breakins 26 six years worked in Bell Lab and on the the three designers of virus game the Core War RTM Sr testified before the congress years before that incident that it is a good omen for young computer scientist to master the skill of writing computer viruses

Case Study : The Computer Worm-cont

Results : Many computers on the net, work slower and at the end it crashed No files or others data are corrupted The worm at that time was unstopable and it impacted up to 6000 computers, some crashed some others slowed down significantly The operation of thousands of computers were halted , caused significant loss of time and other opportunities

Case Study : The Computer Worm-cont

Mitigation Attemp No attemp by RTM to halt the worm spreading, and he didnt inform anybody about the worm Violation of computer abuse Policies Cornell prohibits the use of computers facilities for browsing thru private computer files, encrypting/decrypting materials and obtaining unauthorized user privilleges (all three are violated) RTM was given the policy but he didnt read it

The Computer Worm : Ethical Violation?

Intent
Most probably he did not intend for the worm to destroy Most probably RTM intended the Worm to spread widely. He took steps to design the Worm that way No evident that RTM intended the Worm to replicate uncontrollably No hardware damages, or software wrecked, or security compromized There was no strong intention of RTM to harm others people property The only wrong act was negligence or reckless

The Computer Worm : Ethical Violation?

Security attitude and knowledge
This appears to uncharacteristic act for RTM , in particular while he was an undergraduate student at Harvard University Harvard also prohibited the use of computing facilites to distribute and replicate such Worm RTM was found guilty as a professional in this case. This appears that security flaws in UNIX (trap doors) were exploited independently by RTM UNIX community was not firm to report such weaknesses

The Computer Worm : Ethical Violation?

Technical Sophistication Although the Worm was a sophisticated software, its creation required dedication and preserverance rather than brilliance. Worm could be developed by many students in Cornell and else where Cornell Involvement No strong evident of that, RTM notified another student that he found security weaknesses in UNIX (just that)

The Computer Worm : Ethical Violation?

Ethical Consideration Students oppinions varies, from admiration to condemnation. The computer professionals seems far less tolerant Community sentiments Favor strong disciplinary measures for perpetrators of act of this kind

The Computer Worm : Ethical Violation?

Cornells policies and practices are comparable to other university nation wide Cornell has policy on computer abuse and security that apply to its central facilities, not departemental facilities They sure need a university wide policy that protects computer abuse and security The IT vice president is asked to form a commitee

Another Case : The Burleson Revenge

Sept. 21, 1985 employee of USPA & IRS, a brokerage house and insurance company in Fort Worth, Texas discovered that 168,000 records of sales commission had vanished without a trace. The only unusual fact was that somebody had an unusual entry to the computer system at 03.00 AM. At Weekends, the MIS crew restored the data from back-up tapes Monday morning, an employee found out that the computer system is inoperable or crashed

Another Case : The Burleson Revenge-cont

After a long and suffering works, the audit trail team found out that a command in the system could bring the system to power down. This command could be initiated by a knowledgeable person Later, a person known as Donald Gene Burlesson, an arrogant, rebellious against the authority; a superbly skilled programmer, indicted as the the one who abused the computer for a wrong doing He was found guilty of altering, damaging, destroying data, causing computer to malfunction He was fined 11,800 US $ and sentenced to seven years in probation