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Learning Objectives: Comprehend the use of the azimuth circle, the bearing circle, and the alidade in the measurement of direction. Comprehend the use of the stadimeter in the measurement of distance. Comprehend the methods by which speed through the water is determined on a ship or boat. Comprehend the use of hand lead lines and echo sounders to determine depth. Recognize basic plotting instruments and apply correct procedures in their use. Apply correct procedures in the use of the three-minute rule, log scales and the nautical slide rule to determine speed, time, and distance given any two quantities. 1

Lesson 5 Navigation Instruments

Navigational Instruments
s Navigational

Instruments are grouped in accordance with instruments used to measure direction measure distance measure speed measure depth plotting miscellaneous use
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Navigation Instruments
s

Measurement of Direction horizontal direction of one terrestrial point to another , expressed as an angle from 000o to 360o, is termed a bearing Surface navigators are concerned with three different types of bearing : Relative bearing - a bearing measured with reference to the ships longitudinal axis. Magnetic bearing - a bearing measured with respect to a magnetic compass needle aligned with magnetic north True bearing - a bearing measured with respect to a gyrocompass repeater, or a magnetic compass corrected 3 to true north.
090
270

N
000T

TRUE BEARINGS

W
270T

E
090T

180T

N
TRUE BEARINGS
000T Ships course = 045T

?
090T

135T

S
5

RELATIVE BEARING

N
270R

W
180R 000R

E
090T

090R

N
RELATIVE BEARINGS
Ships course = 045T

? W
?

E ?

135T

S
7

N
RELATIVE BEARINGS
Ships course = 045T 000R

345R

W
0R 09

E
180R

135T

S
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Navigation Instruments Azimuth Circle

Azimuth is often used interchangeably with the word bearing, although technically the former term refers to the bearing of a celestial body, while the latter pertains to a terrestrial body. most common device for obtaining a visual bearing designed to fit on standard gyrocompass repeater contains nonmagnetic brass ring that fits over repeaters face.
Far vane Finger lug Prism
270 180

ooo

Mirror
090

Mirror

Finger lug Near vane

Turned to any direction by two finger lugs on ring pair of sighting vanes mounted on opposite ends of ring
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 pair of sighting vanes mounted on diameter of ring peep vane at one end vertical wire at the other reflector of glass is attached to the bottom of vertical vane designed for observing celestial bodies How to observe a bearing: the observer looks through the peep vane toward the object to be be observed shooting the object observer rotates ring until the object appears beyond the vertical wire of the opposite far vane. Reflecting mirror will bring portion of compass below vertical vane into field of vision observer will read the bearings - true bearings appear on the compass above the relative bearings.
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Azimuth Circle

Azimuth Circle

Telescopic alidade - similar in construction to the azimuth circle except is fitted with a telescopic observation device rather than set of sight vanes. The object to which a bearing is to be obtained is sighted in the telescope and its bearing is read off of the compass card accurate observations at night Measurement of Distance - The navigator uses two instruments to measure distance - radar, (which will be discussed later) and the stadimeter. Stadimeter- used to determine precise ranges between ships in a formation. For shorter ranges up to 2,000 yards, it is considered more accurate than a surface telescope direct mirror mirror fitting view search radar. The stadimeter can also be direct used to determine accurate ranges to view navigation aids of known height above the telescope water. fitting drum
Brandon Stadimeter
drum

Navigation Instruments

Fisk Stadimeter

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Navigation Instruments
The Fisk stadimeter is the most common type of stadimeter used in the fleet, although the Brandon stadimeter is also used by some units. Both stadimeters incorporate two scales. One, located on the index arm of the frame, is the object height scale, graduated in logarithmic form for object heights between 50 and 200 feet. The other, inscribed around the index drum beneath the frame, is the distance scale; it is graduated in a spiral logarithmic scale for distances between 50 and 10,000 yards. Both instruments are equipped with a removable telescope fitting in the rear view finder, a reflecting mirror in the right side of the forward view finder, and an index mirror under the rear view finder.

Actual image

(Overhead 5-1)

Reflected image

Correct alignment for measuringdistance

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HOW TO USE THE STADIMETER First the height of the object to be observed is first set into the index arm scale. Recorded heights of ships and navaids found in publications Then the object is sighted in the telescope Turn index drum causes reflective image in mirror on the right side of the forward view finder to move up or down relative to the direct image observed on the left side When the top of the reflected image is superimposed alongside the bottom of the direct image, distance of the object is read directly 14 from the index drum scale

Measuring Speed
s

Surface navigators are concerned with two kinds of speed true speed or speed relative to the earth (often called speed over ground (SOG)) speed is normally calculated by measuring the time required for the ship to travel a known distance ships speed through water (actual speed) Speed through the water is measured both mechanically and empirically by methods discussed below logs - all marine instruments designed for direct measurement of speed through the water
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LOG TYPES:
Impeller log- consists of a
sensing device incorporating a small propeller or paddle wheel located beneath the water line just outside the hull speed of rotation of the impeller caused by the water flow past it is mechanically or electrically translates into vessel speed through the water pitot tube, which is a threefoot long tube generally located near the keel, which can be extended through the ships hull contains two orifices, one of which measures dynamic pressure, and the other static pressure difference between the dynamic and static pressure is continually 16

Pitometer - incorporates a

 Doppler speed log - depends on one or more sonar beams projected into the water by a transducer mounted on the bottom of the hull of the vessel electronically analyzing the return of the sonar beam pattern reflected back either from the sea bottom or from the water itself in deeper areas provides a very accurate determination of speed Electronic navigation systems The Global Positioning system (GPS), and the Omega Navigation System can provide speed information. Shaft RPM - For all larger constant-draft vessels having non-variable pitch propellers, 17 there is a fairly consistent

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accomplished on most modern ships primarily by means of an electronic depth finder called the echo sounder or fathometer Fixed transducer mounted on underside of vessels hull and operated remotely transmits a sound pulse vertically into the water and computes the depth by measuring the time interval from transmission of the sound signal until the 19 return of its echo

MEASUREMENT OF DEPTH

Hand leadline - alternate method for measuring depth in piloting waters consists of a lead weight attached to a 25-fathom line leadsman stationed twothirds aft from bow of ship to bridge and relays readings as marks means of identification attached at random intervals to identify number of fathoms Remember 1 fathom = 6 feet
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Plotting Instruments Parallel rulers - two parallel bars w/ cross pivot braces of equal length so bars are always parallel when open/closed used to measure desired direction w/ compass rose Weems parallel plotter semicircle protractor for measuring courses and bearings against charted meridian Parallel Motion Protractor rotatable protractor graduated in degrees from 0-360 with drafting arm affixed can be locked into
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Navigation Instruments

Weather Instruments onboard naval vessels a complete round of weather observations is made hourly and a synoptic report made to a Naval Oceanography Command Center four times daily The basic instruments installed on on Navy ships for the purpose of weather observation are: The barometer which measures atmospheric pressure. The thermometer which measures temperature.
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MISC. INSTRUMENTS

 The psychrometer which measures wet -and drybulb temperatures from which the relative humidity , and if desired dew point. The anemometer which measures relative wind speed and direction True wind can be calculated from the relative wind measurements

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Speed-Time-Distance Calculations Three-minute rule Distance traveled in yards in three minutes = Ships speed in knots x 100 Example: How far will your ship travel in 3 minutes at 15 knots? ?Yds = 15kts x 100 = 1,500 yds
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Speed-Time-Distance Calculations Six-minute rule Distance traveled in nm in six minutes = Ships speed in knots x 1/10 Example: How far will your ship travel in 6 minutes at 17 knots? ?nm = 17 kts x 1/10 = 17/10 or 1.7 nm

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Speed-Time-Distance Calculations The Logarithmic speed-timedistance scale is very useful in determining any one of the three variables if the other two are known. Speed is expressed in how far a ship will go in sixty minutes. The distance can be (Overhead 5-2) Step 1 expressed in yards or 1 .1 nautical miles.5 10 15 20 30 60
s
Example: A ship is going 10 kts. How far will it go in sixty minutes? Step One: Place the right point of dividers on 60 and the left point on ships speed. Step 2

Navigation Instruments

.1

10

15 20 30

60

Without changing the spread of the dividers, place the right point on minutes run; the left point will then indicate distance. Or, place the left point on distance; the right point will indicate time. To find speed reverse the process.

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Navigation Instruments
Similar logarithmic scales can be found on maneuvering board speed-time-distance nomograms where there are separate time, distance and speed lines. To use the nomogram, pencil marks are placed on the two given quantities, and the third quantity is read by placing a straight edge over the 1 200 20 60 two marks and observing the point of intersection on the third scale. Time in minutes
25 200 4,000 2 1 8 16,000 8 200,000 100 Distance in yards/ miles 60 Speed in knots

.1

The Nautical slide rule is similar to the maneuvering board time-speed-distance nomogram except the three scales have been bent into circular form on a plastic base and covered by a plastic faceplate. To use the instrument, the known values are set by rotating the slide rule to the appropriate positions, and the third factor appears by the appropriate arrow.
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Navigation Instruments
100
200

Distance
35

.020
400

10

12

70000

900 0.45

Speed Time
Min

9 7 5

Hrs

30000

15

1.0

2000 14000 5000

2.5

Shipboard Timepieces - Ships speed, distance made good, position, and most aspects of daily routine are dependent on time, therefore it is very important to be able to determine time accurately. The chronometer is considered one of the most accurate timepieces. It is the principal navigational timepiece normally found on most oceangoing vessels. No timepiece can keep perfect time, but the distinguishing feature of the chronometer is that its rate of gain or loss of time is constant over long periods of time. This attribute allows the navigator to determine chronometer error with precision and calculate correct time when needed. Stopwatches are used to time navigational 28 lights and to record observations of celestial

HOMEWORK
s Due

Tuesday Read Chapter 8, pgs. 129-138 of Marine Navigation Bring Workbook pages 34 and 35 to class for Tuesday s Complete computed visibility and speedtime-distance practical
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