Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Comparative Linguistics
phonetical
lexical
synchronical
diachronical
1)
2)
Language Universals Language Type Typological dominant features Typological recessive features Isomorphic (common) and allomorphic (divergent) features Metalanguage An Etalon Language A World Language Artificial Languages Language Norm Speech Norm
Indians).
LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATIONS
NUMBER OF SPEAKERS
(estimated statistics in the early 1980-s)
Indo-European Sino-Tibetan Niger-Congo Afro-Asiatic Ausronesian Dravidian Japanese Altaic Austro-Asiatic Korean Tai Nilo-Saharan Amerindian Uralic
2,000,000,000 1,040,000,000 260,000,000 230,000,000 200,000,000 140,000,000 120,000,000 90,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 50,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 23,000,000
The Indo-Iranian Group The Baltic Group The Slavic Group The Hellenic group The Romance Group The Germanic Group The Celtic Group The Albanian Language The Armenian Language
Western
Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian, and Kashubian
Southern
Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene
Eastern
Russian, Ukrainian, and Byelorussian
Western
English, German, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans, Yiddish, and Frisian
Northern
Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faeroese
Eastern
Gothic (dead)
Agglutinative Languages
Words are built up out of a long sequence of units, with each unit expressing a particular grammatical meaning, in a clear one-to-one way, e.g., one for each category of person, number, tense, voice, and mood. Affixes may be glued to the stem of word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function, e.g., in Swahili wametulipa they have paid us consists of wa + me + tu +lipa they perfective us pay marker Languages which are highly agglutinative include Finnish, Hungarian, Japanese, Swahili, and Turkish, although there is no clear-cut distinction between agglutinative, inflecting, and isolating languages.
Isolating Languages
They lack inflexions. Word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by word order and the use of function words, e. g. in Mandarin Chinese: jzi w chi le orange I eat (function word) I ate the orange w ch le jzi le I eat (f.w.) orange (f.w.) I ate an orange Languages, which are highly isolating include Chinese, Samoan, and Vietnamese.
1) passive;
2) nominative; 3) ergative .
LANGUAGE CHANGE
REASONS
INTERNAL
Democratic Learning; Printing; Mass
EXTERNAL
Communication; Expressive
Society;