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A
0
lim
At
dt
dm
m m
system
out in
=
system
m A =
out
m
s
Continuity equation
m=Vol. In an incompressible flow,
=constant and
In a fixed control volume, A=constant
System
in
m
out
m
dt
dm
m m
system
out in
=
( ) ol V
= m
/s] [m rate flow volumetric
3
= ol V
A
AV s A = =
ol V
V
Steady incompressible flow
Steady flow: d/dt=0
Incompressible: =constant.
Fixed control volume: A=const.
Incompressible continuity
equation
System
1
m
2
m
dt
dm
m m
system
=
2 1
0 ol V ol V
2 1
=
A
1
2 2 1 1
V A V A =
0
2 1
= m m
V
1
V
2
ol V
= m
AV ol V =
A
2
0
2 2 1 1
= V A V A
Conservation of mass
A smooth inlet,
contraction, throat,
and diffuser assembly
Apply Bernoulli along
streamline s
Venturi flow meter
1
2
1
1
2
gz
V
p p
t
+ + =
1
2
s
2
2
2
2
2
gz
V
p p
t
+ + =
inlet
contraction
throat
diffuser
By continuity of mass
Venturi flow meter
( )
2 2 1 1
2
1
2
2
2
gz p gz p V V
+ =
s
1
2
2 2 1 1
A V A V =
2 2 1 1
gz p gz p p + = A
A
1
A
2
p
( ) / 2 1 /
2
1
2
2
2
1
p A A V A =
p
A A
V
A
=
2
1 /
1
2
1
2
2
1
Cd=discharge coefficient, typically
0.98
F1 experiment: Venturi flow meter
s
1
2
A
1
A
2
p
1 1
V A m =
p
A A
A
Cd m A
= 2
1 /
2
1
2
2
2
1
p
A A
Cd V
A
=
2
1 /
1
2
1
2
2
1
A plate with a round
hole (orifice) in a pipe
Apply Bernoulli along s
and continuity to
obtain
Orifice flow meter
1
2
s
p
A A
V
A
'
=
2
1 /
1
2
1
2
2
1
Vena
contracta
A
1
A
2
As A
2
< A
2
, introduce
the discharge
coefficient Cd as
correction factor.
Calibrate Cd by
experiment. Cd0.6.
F1 experiment: Orifice flow meter
s
1
2
p
A A
Cd V
A
=
2
1 /
1
2
1
2
2
1
A
1
A
2
A
2
Vorticity and circulation
Irrotational flows
Streamlines and normal lines
Pressure force of a fluid element
Pressure gradient in simple flows
The Euler equation
Pitot tubes
Venturi flow meter
Summary
Stated the continuity equation and identify its
terms
Determined mass and volumetric flow rates
through open systems
Defined the velocity-pressure relation for
Venturi and Orifice flow meters
Reviewed the conservation of mass and linear
momentum and their applications.
Homework
Y.A. Cengel R.H. Turner, Fundamentals of Thermal
Fluid Sciences, McGraw-Hill:
Must do:
Chapter 4, Examples 4-12 and 4-13.
Further work:
Chapter 4, Problems 4-45C to 4-56 and 4-78.
Chapter 12, Problems 12-41 to 12-48 and 12-75 to 12-
84, 12-86, 12-88, and 12-89.
Skip problems in English units (identified by E, e.g. 4-
49E) and problems requiring the EES software.