NON SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

Click to edit Master subtitle style SUBMITTED DEEPAK M Sc Microbiology L 2011 BS 236 M
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The integrity of any eucaryotic organism depends not only on the proper expression of its genes but also on its freedom from invading microorganisms. Commensal relationships aside, when microorganisms inhabit a multicellular host, there is competition for resources at the cellular level.

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HOST RESISTANCE

To establish an infection, an invading microorganism must first overcome many surface barriers, such as skin, degradative enzymes, and mucus, that have either direct antimicrobial activity or inhibit attachment of the microorganism to the host.

Because neither the surface of the skin nor the mucus-lined body cavities are ideal environments for the vast majority of microorganisms, most pathogens 4/28/12 must breach these barriers to reach

Vertebrates (including humans) are continuously exposed to microorganisms and their metabolic products that can cause disease. These animals are equipped with an immune system that protects them against adverse consequences of this exposure. The immune system is composed of widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs that recognize foreign substances,

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IMMUNITY

The term immunity refers to the general ability of a host to resist a particular infection or disease. Immunology is the science that is concerned with immune responses to foreign challenge and how these responses are used to resist infection. It includes the distinction between self and nonself and all the biological, chemical, and physical aspects of the immune response.

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Innate immunity offers resistance to any microorganism or foreign material encountered by the vertebrate host. It includes general mechanisms inherited as part of the innate structure and function of each animal (such as skin, mucus, and constituitively produced antimicrobial mediators like lysozyme), and acts as a first line of defense.

The nonspecific immune response defends against foreign particles equally 4/28/12 and lacks immunological memorythat

The specific immune responses, also known as acquired, adaptive, or specific immunity, resist a particular foreign agent. The effectiveness of specific immune responses increases on repeated exposure to foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, or toxins; that is to say, specific responses have memory. Substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke immune responses

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Cell, tissue and organ of immune system

The cell responsible for both nonspecific and specific immunity are the white blood cells called leukocytes Leukocytes originate from pluripotent stem cells in fetal liver and bone marrow of the animal These cells of the immune system are present throughout of hosts body

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Types of leukocytes

Lymphoid cells- B cells, T cells and natural killer Mononuclear cells- monocyte and macrophages Granulocytes basophils,eosinophils,neutrophilis Mast cells Dendritic cells

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Monocytes

Blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation;mature into macrophages and dendritic cells

Lymphocytes

Primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter

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T cells

a number of specific cellular

B cells

Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral immunity)

Macrophages

Largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells; strategic participants in certain specific immune reactions

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Dendritic cells

Relatives of macrophages that reside throughout the tissues

and reticuloendothelial system; responsible for processing

foreign matter and presenting it to lymphocytes Red blood cells Carry O2 and CO2

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Platelets

Involved in blood clotting and

Eosinophils

Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy,and inflammatory reactions

Basophils

Function in inflammatory events and allergies

Neutrophils

Essential blood phagocytes active engulfers and killers of bacteria and T B Myeloblast 4/28/12

Physical and mechanical barriers in nonspecific resistance

Physical and mechanical barriers along with hosts secretions are the first line of defense against microorganism

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Skin

The intact skin contribute greatly to nonspecific resistance because: Its outer layer made of thick closely packed cells called keratinocytes These cells produce keratin which is scleroproteins Which cannot be degrade enzymatically by microorganism Keratinocytes also secrete some protein that produce inflammation

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The skin is slightly acidic (around pH 5 to 6) due to skin oil, secretions from sweat glands, and organic acids produced by commensal staphylococci. It also contains a high concentration of sodium chloride and is subject to periodic drying.

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Despite the skins defenses, at times some pathogenic microorganisms gain access to the tissue under the skin surface. Here they encounter a specialized set of cells called the skinassociated lymphoid tissue (SALT) .

The major function of SALT is to confine microbial invaders to the area immediately underlying the epidermis and to prevent them from gaining access to the bloodstream. One type of SALT 4/28/12 is the Langerhans cell cell

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Mucous Membranes

The mucous membranes of the eye (conjunctiva) and the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital systems withstand microbial invasion because the intact stratified squamous epithelium and mucous secretions form a protective covering that resists penetration and traps many microorganisms.

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many mucosal surfaces are bathed in specific antimicrobial secretions. For example, cervical mucus, prostatic fluid, and tears are toxic to many bacteria. one antibacterial substance in these secretions is lysozyme (muramidase), an enzyme that lyses bacteria by hydrolyzing the (14) bond connecting N-acetylmuramic acid and Nacetylglucosamine bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan

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Like the skin, mucous membranes also have a specialized immune barrier called mucus-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). There are several types of MALT. The system most studied is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes the tonsils, adenoids, diffuse lymphoid areas along the gut, and specialized regions in the intestine called Peyers patches

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Respiratory System

The mammalian respiratory system has formidable defense mechanism The average person inhales at least eight microorganisms a minute, or 10,000 each day. Once inhaled, a microorganism must first survive and penetrate the air-filtration system of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

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Microbes larger than 10 m usually are trapped by hairs and cilia lining the nasal cavity. The cilia in the nasal cavity beat toward the pharynx, so that mucus with its trapped microorganisms is moved toward the mouth and expelled Humidification of the air within the nasal cavity causes many hygroscopic (attracting moisture from the air) microorganisms to swell, and this aids phagocytosis.

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Microbes smaller than 10 m often pass through the nasal cavity and are trapped by the mucociliary blanket that coats the mucosal surfaces of lower portions of the respiratory system. The trapped microbes are transported by ciliary action (mucociliary escalator) that moves them away from the lungs. Coughing and sneezing reflexes clear the system of microorganisms by expellinair forcefully from the lungs through the 4/28/12
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Gastrointestinal Tract

Most microorganisms that reach the stomach are killed by gastric juice (a mixture of hydrochloric acid, proteolytic enzymes, and mucus). The very acidic gastric juice (pH 2 to 3) is sufficient to destroy most organisms and their toxins, although exceptions exist (protozoan cysts, Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium and Staphylococcus toxins).

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Microorganisms often are damaged by various pancreatic enzymes, bile, enzymes in intestinal secretions, and the GALT system. The mucous membranes of the intestinal tract contain cells called Paneth cells. These cells produce lysozyme (figure 31.17) and a set of peptides called cryptins. Cryptins are toxic for some bacteria, although mode of action is not known.

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Genitourinary Tract

Under normal circumstances the kidneys, ureters. Urinary bladder of mammals are sterile. Urine within the urinary bladder also is sterile. bacteria are usually present in the distal portion of the urethra

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The factors responsible for this sterility are complex. In addition to removing microbes by flushing action, urine kills some bacteria due to its low pH and the presence of urea and other metabolic end products (uric acid, hippuric acid, indican, fatty acids, mucin enzymes). The kidney medulla is so hypertonic that few organisms can survive there.

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The vagina has another unique defense Under the influence of estrogens. the vaginal epithelium produces increased amounts of glycogen that acidtolerant Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria degrade to form lactic acid. Normal vaginal secretions contain up to 108 of these bacilli per ml.

Thus an acidic environment (pH 3 to 5) unfavorable to most organisms is established. 4/28/12

The Eye

The conjunctiva is a specialized, mucussecreting epithelial membrane that lines the interior surface of each eyelid. It is kept moist by the continuous flushing action of tears (lacrimal fluid) from the lacrimal glands. Tears contain large amounts of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and sIgA. thus provide chemical as well as physical protection.

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Chemical barriers

Mammalian hosts have a chemical arsenal with which to combat the continuous onslaught of microorganisms. blood, lymph, and other body fluids contain a potpourri of defensive chemicals such as defensins and other polypeptides.

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Antimicrobial Peptides

Cationic peptides-There are three generic classes of cationic peptides whose biological activity is related to their ability to damage bacterial plasma membranes.

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Beta-lysin is a cationic polypeptide released from blood platelets It kill bacteria by disturbing their plasma membrane A second group, the defensins, is composed of peptides that are openended, rich in arginine and cysteine, and disulfid linked.

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A third group contains larger peptides that are enriched for specific amino acids and exhibit regular structural repeats. Histatin one such peptide isolated from human saliva, has antifungal activity.

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Other natural antimicrobial products include fragments from (1) histone proteins, (2) lactoferrin and (3) chemokine. A number of antibacterial peptides are produced by bacteria as well.

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Bacteriocins

Many of the bacteria that are part of the normal microflora synthesize and release toxic proteins (e.g., colicin, staphylococcin) called bacteriocins that are lethal to other strains of the same species as well as other bacterial species. Bacteriocin peptides range from 900 to 5,800 Daltons and can be cationic, neutral, or anionic.

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E. coli synthesizes bacteriocins called colicins, which are encoded by genes on several different plasmids (ColB, ColE1, ColE2, ColI, and ColV). Other examples include the lantibiotics produced by the genera Streptococcus, Bacillus, Lactococcus and Staphylococcus.

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Complement

a heat-labile component of human blood plasma that augments phagocytosis. This activity was said to complement the antibacterial activity of antibody; hence, the name complement. It is now known that the complement system is composed of over 30 serum proteins This system has three major physiological activities: defending against bacterial infections

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THANK YOU!

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