The Brain I

The Brain
The part of CNS that lies within the skull & continues with spinal cord through foramen magnum Nervous tissue divisions: 1. Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System: Peripheral nerves distributed throughout the body

Major Parts of The Brain

Forebrain: Cerebrum Diencephalon Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain: Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum

Brain Stem
Mid brain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Cerebrum
Largest part of brain 2 hemispheres: (Rt. & Lf.) separated by a fissure (longitudinal fissure) extends over: ant. & middle cranial fossae tentorium cerebelli

Internal Structure of Cerebrum

Outer Layer: The Cerebral Cortex Gray matter folded from outside into: gyri & sulci Inner Layer: white matter What do gray & white matters refer to?

External Aspect of Cerebrum

Folded into Gyri & Sulci * surface area Subdivided by sulci into lobes:

1. Frontal
2. Parietal

3. Occipital
4. Temporal

Cerebral Lobes

Main Cerebral Sulci

Central Sulcus: separates ? Located between 2 important gyri:

Precentral gyrus (which lobe?)

Postcentral gyrus (which lobe?)

Precentral Gyrus
The primary motor area (large motor neurons) Controls voluntary movement on opposite side of the body Because: Nerve fibers from precentral gyrus cross over to other side within ??? Motor control in precentral gyrus is represented in an inverted position

Postcentral Gyrus
The primary sensory area (sensory nerve cells)

Receives inputs for: pain, thermal sensation, touch & pressure (tickling) Receives the sensations from opposite side of the body Sites of cross over ??

Main Cerebral Sulci

Central Sulcus separates ? Lateral Sulcus (separates?) Parieto-occipital Sulcus Calcarine Sulcus: on medial surface of occipital lobe communicates with ?? region of visual interpretation

Main Functional Regions in Cerebrum

1. Motor area: location? 2. Sensory area: location?

3. Auditory area: interpretation of sound location?

4. Visual area: interpretation of vision medial aspect of occipital lobe (post. pole of cerebrum)
5. Motor Speech area: (Brocas area) Planning & production of speech in a comprehensive way location? 6. Wernickes (Language) area interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words Location?

Clinical: Brocas Aphasia

Difficulty in speech due to damage to brocas area The person knows what he wants to say but cannot speak expressive aphasia non-fluent aphasia

Diencephalon
Hidden by cerebrum

Consists of:
Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Thalamus
Paired oval masses of gray matter (contains many nuclei) what are the brain nuclei ? - Usually occupies 80% of diencephalon Interthalamic connexion: a bridge of gray matter joins the two halves of the thalamus (in 70% of human brains) Fxn: a major relay station for sensory pathways

Hypothalamus
Contains special nerve cells that secrete several neurohormones

Most common: 1. hypothalamus-releasing hormones: control pituitary gland secretions 2. vasopressin: (ADH) secreted by: hypothalamus stored in: ?? Fxn.: retention of water (kidneys) vasoconstriction bld. Pressure
Hypothalamus links 2 systems??

Midbrain
Sup. Part of brain stem Connects forebrain to hindbrain Consists of 2 halves ant.: Cerebral Peduncles Each peduncle consists of:

ant. Part: crus cerebri

post. Part: tegmentum middle part: substantia nigra 1 part posteriorly: Tectum *Contains the nuclei of which C.N.??