Hcrede Sinyal letimi

Nefize Ezgi Altnk 2601110400

eitleri
Temas baml sinyal iletimi Parakrin sinyal iletimi Sinaptik Sinyal iletimi Endokrin sinyal iletimi

Salg Sinyalleri

Local signaling

Target cell

Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers release of neurotransmitter

Secretory vesicle

Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse

Local regulator diffuses through extracellular fluid

Target cell is stimulated

(b) Synaptic signaling. A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell.

Figure 11.4 A B

(a) Paracrine signaling. A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator (a growth factor, for example) into the extracellular fluid.

Long-distance signaling Endocrine cell Blood vessel

Hormone travels in bloodstream to target cells

Target cell

Figure 11.4 C

(c) Hormonal signaling. Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells.

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
1 Reception

CYTOPLASM Plasma membrane

2 Transduction 3 Response

Receptor Activation of cellular response Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

Signal molecule Figure 11.5

Yantlar
Hayatta kalma Byme ve Blnme Farkllama lm Yantlar hzl ya da yava olabilir.

Cross-talk (apraz Yant)

Signal molecule

Receptor Relay molecules

Cell A. Pathway leads to a single response

Response 1

ResponseResponse 2 3

Cell B. Pathway branches, leading to two responses

Activation or inhibition Response 4 Response 5

Figure 11.15

Cell C. Cross-talk occurs between two pathways

Cell D. Different receptor leads to a different response

Reseptrler
Signal-binding site

Segment that interacts with G proteins

G Proteini Bal Reseptrler

Inctivate enzyme

G-protein-linked Receptor

Plasma Membrane

Activated Receptor

Signal molecule

GDP

CYTOPLASM

G-protein (inactive)

Enzyme
Activated enzyme

GDP

GTP

GTP

GDP
Pi

Figure 11.7

Cellular response

Reseptrler
Protein Kinaz Reseptrleri
Signal molecule Helix in the Membrane Tyrosines
Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr

Signal-binding sitea
Signal molecule

Tyr Tyr Tyr

Tyr Tyr Tyr

Tyr Tyr Tyr

Tyr Tyr Tyr

CYTOPLASM

Receptor tyrosine kinase proteins (inactive monomers)

Dimer

Activated relay proteins

Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr Tyr P Tyr P Tyr P Tyr Tyr P Tyr P Tyr P P Tyr P Tyr P Tyr

ATP

6 ADP

Tyr P Tyr P Tyr P

Figure 11.7

Activated tyrosinekinase regions (unphosphorylated dimer)

Cellular response 1 Cellular response 2

Fully activated receptor tyrosine-kinase (phosphorylated dimer)

Inactive relay proteins

Reseptrler
Signal molecule (ligand) Gate closed Ions

yon Kanal Reseptrleri

Ligand-gated ion channel receptor Gate open Plasma Membrane

Cellular response

Gate close

Figure 11.7

Reseptrlerin mekanizmalar
Fosforilasyon
Signal molecule

Receptor

Activated relay molecule

Inactive protein kinase 1

Active protein kinase 1 Inactive protein kinase 2 Pi ATP ADP PP P

Active protein kinase 2

Inactive protein kinase 3 Pi

ATP PP

ADP

Active protein kinase 3 ATP

Inactive protein

ADP

Pi

PP

Active protein

Cellular response

Reseptrlerin mekanizmalar
G proteini balanmas
First messenger (signal molecule such as epinephrine) G protein

Adenylyl cyclase

G-protein-linked receptor

GTP ATP cAMP Protein kinase A

Cellular responses

kincil Haberciler
Protein olmayan, kk molekller Reseptrlerin aktiflemesinde, sinyalin iletilmesinde rol oynarlar.
cAMP Kalsiyum nositil trifosfat Diailgliserol

PKA Aktivasyonu

1 A signal molecule binds to a receptor, leading to activation of phospholipase C. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

2 Phospholipase C cleaves a plasma membrane phospholipid called PIP2 into DAG and IP3.

3DAG functions as a second messenger in other pathways.

Signal molecule (first messenger) G protein

DAG
GTP

G-protein-linked receptor

Phospholipase C

PIP2
IP3 (second messenger)

IP3-gated calcium channel

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Ca2+ Ca2+ (second messenger)

Various proteins activated

Cellular response

4 IP3 quickly diffuses through the cytosol and binds to an IP3 gated calcium channel in the ER membrane, causing it to open.

5Calcium ions flow out of the ER (down their concentration gradient), raising the Ca2+ level in the cytosol.

6 calcium ions The activate the next protein in one or more signaling pathways.

Reception
Binding of epinephrine to G-protein-linked receptor (1 molecule)

Transduction

Sinyal oaltm

Inactive G protein
Active G protein (102 molecules)

Inactive adenylyl cyclase Active adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATP Cyclic AMP (104) Inactive protein kinase A Active protein kinase A (104)

Inactive phosphorylase kinase Active phosphorylase kinase (105)

Inactive glycogen phosphorylase Active glycogen phosphorylase (106) Response Glycogen Glucose-1-phosphate (108 molecules)

Hedefler
Gen anlatm dzenleyicileri Enzimler Yapsal proteinler

Yava Yantlar
Gen anlatm zerinde etkililer
Growth factor Receptor
Reception

Phosphorylation cascade Transduction

CYTOPLASM

Inactive transcriptionActive transcription factor factor P DNA

Response

Gene NUCLEUS mRNA

Sinyal Kompleksleri
Scaffold Proteinleri

Signal molecule

Plasma membrane

Receptor
Three different protein kinases

Scaffolding protein
Figure 11.16

RAS-MAPK Yola
RAS Aktivasyonu

RAS-MAPK Yola
MAPK Aktivasyonu

Teekkrler..