Acids and Bases

Acids & Bases Ionization of Water

pH
Acid-Base Reactions

CH110: Chpt 9

9-1

Remember Electrolytes

Ionic
NaCl

Covalent
C6H12O6

ClNa+

Na+ Cl-

C6H12O6 C6H12O6

CH110: Chpt 9

9-2

Acids

Weak
HC2H3O2
C2H3O21H+

Strong
H-Cl

Cl-

H+
1-

H+ Cl-

C2H3O2

H+

Only a few Ions

CH110: Chpt 9

Lots of Ions
9-3

Acids Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water

HCl
H-Cl

Cl-

H+ Cl-

H+ + Clhydrogen ion
CH110: Chpt 9

H+

9-4

Acids Acid = gives hydrogen ions in water

H-Cl + H-O-H
H-Cl

H H O+

+
H

ClH

H O+ H

Cl-

hydronium ion
CH110: Chpt 9 9-5

Common Acids
Battery Acid Stomach Acid Coca Cola H2SO4 HCl H3PO4 Sulfuric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Phosphoric Acid Carbonic Acid Acetic Acid Citric Acid Ascorbic Acid Tartaric Acid Acetyl Salicylic Acid
9-6

Carbonated Water H2CO3 Vinegar HC2H3O2 Citrus fruits H3C6O7H8 Vitamin C HC6O6H7 Grapes H2C4O6H4 Aspirin H2C9O4H8
CH110: Chpt 9

Naming Acids
Binary Acids: Hydrogen & non metal. ex. HCl HBr H2S hydro- ______________-ic HCl H2S Hydrochloric acid Hydrosulfuric acid Acid

CH110: Chpt 9

9-7

Naming Oxygen containing acids

Oxoacids: Hydrogen, oxygen, and a nonmetal ex. HNO3 HNO2 H2SO4 The higher number of Os ______________-ic HNO3 = Nitric Acid Acid

The lower number of Os ______________ -ous ending. HNO2 = Nitrous Acid

CH110: Chpt 9 9-8

THE COMMON -IC ACIDS

H2SO4 SULFURIC ACID HNO3 NITRIC ACID

H2CO3 CARBONIC ACID H3PO4 PHOSPHORIC ACID

HClO3 CHLORIC ACID

CH110: Chpt 9

9-9

Battery Acid Stomach Acid Coca Cola Carbonated Water Vinegar Citrus fruits Vitamin C Grapes Aspirin
CH110: Chpt 9

H2SO4 HCl H3PO4 H2CO3 HC2H3O2 H3C6O7H8 HC6O6H7 H2C4O6H4 H2C9O4H8

Common Acids Strong

100% ionization Strong electrolyte

Weak

Partial ionization Weak electrolyte Taste sour

9 - 13

Acids
H

H-Cl + H-O-H
H-Cl

O+

Cl-

HC2H3O2

H H O+ H

ClH+

HC2H3O2 C2H3O21-

H-C2H3O2 + H-O-H
CH110: Chpt 9

+ + C2H3O2O H H
9 - 14

Acids

Weak
HC2H3O2

Strong
H-Cl

HC2H3O2

ClH+

H+ Cl-

H+

C2H3O21-

Only a few Ions

CH110: Chpt 9

Lots of Ions
9 - 15

Bases
Base = gives hydroxide ions in water.
(Arrhenius definition)

= takes hydrogen ions in water.

(Bronsted-Lowry definition)

NaOH
NaOH

Na+

Na+

OH-

OH-

OHNa+

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 16

Common Bases
Lye, Drano Potash Cleaners NaOH KOH Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide Ammonia

NH3 or NH4OH

Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH)2

Baking soda NaHCO3 Tums /Rolaids Limestone, shellsCaCO3 Soaps NaC16O2H31 Sodium Palmitate Detergents NaC12O4H25S Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
CH110: Chpt 9

Magnesium Hydroxide Sodium Bicarbonate Calcium Carbonate

9 - 17

Lye, Drano Potash Cleaners

NaOH KOH

100% ionization Strong electrolyte NH3 or NH4OH

Common Bases Strong

Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH)2

Baking soda NaHCO3 Weak Tums /Rolaids Partial ionization Limestone, shellsCaCO3 Weak electrolyte Soaps NaC16O2H31 Detergents NaC12O4H25S Taste bitter Feel Slippery
CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 18

HClO4 H2SO4 HI HBr HCl HNO3

Perchloric Acid Sulfuric Acid HydroIodic Acid Hydrobromic Acid Hydrochloric Acid Nitric Acid

Strong Acids

LiOH Lithium Hydroxide NaOH Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide KOH Ca(OH)2 Calcium Hydroxide
CH110: Chpt 9

Strong Bases

9 - 19

Water is Amphoteric
HNO3
HNO3 + H2O Acid Base
donates takes a proton a proton

H3O+ + NO3Acid Base

NH3
NH3 + H2O Base Acid
takes a proton donates a proton

NH4+ + OHAcid Base

donates takes a proton a proton

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 20

NH3

H2O

NH4+

OH-

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 21

Conjugate Acid - Base Pairs

H2CO3 + H2O
ACID

conj acid BASE conjugate pair

H3 O + +

HCO3conj base

conjugate pair
CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 22

Conjugate Acid - Base Pairs

H2CO3
Acid -

HCO31Base Acid -

CO32Base

H 3O +
Acid -

H 2O
Base Acid
-

HO1Base

H3PO4
Acid
CH110: Chpt 9

H2PO41Acid Base

HPO42Base Acid -

PO43Base
9 - 23

Ionization of Water
conjugate pair

H2 O
ACID

+ H2O
BASE

HO-

H 3O +
conj acid

conj base

conjugate pair
CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 24

Ion product constant of Water

H2O
ACID

+ H2O

HOconj base

BASE

+ H3O+

conj acid

0.000,000,1M 0.000,000,1M = 1 x 10-7M = 1 x 10-7M

Neutral: if Acidic: if Basic: if

CH110: Chpt 9

[H3O+] = [OH-] [H3O+] > [OH-] [H3O+] < [OH-]

9 - 25

Ion product constant of Water

H2O
ACID

+ H2O

HOconj base

BASE

+ H3O+

conj acid

0.000,000,1M 0.000,000,1M = 1 x 10-7M = 1 x 10-7M

[H3O+] [OH-] = (1 x 10-7)(1 x 10-7) =1 x 10-14

Kw = [H3O+] [OH-] = 1 x 10-14

CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 26

pH
HCl

[H+] = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

100 M

= 1 x 10 2 M

-2

Acidic

HC2H3O2
H 2O NH3 NaOH
CH110: Chpt 9

0.000,1 M

= 1 x 10 -4 M
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M 0.000,000,001 M

4 7 9 12 Basic
9 - 27

Neutral

= 1 x 10

-9

0.000,000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 -12 M

pH
HCl Citric Acid

[H+] = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+]

100 M

= 1 x 10 2 M

-2

Acidic

HC2H3O2
H 2O NH3 NaOH
CH110: Chpt 9

0.000,76 M = 7.6 x 10 -4 M 0.000,1 M

= 1 x 10 -4 M
0.000,000,1 M = 1 x 10 -7 M 0.000,000,001 M

4 7 9 12 Basic
9 - 28

Neutral

= 1 x 10

-9

0.000,000,000,001 M

= 1 x 10 -12 M

pH

[H+] = 1 x 10 -pH pH = - log [H+] 0.001 M = 1 x 10 -3 M

3 3-4
pH = - log (7.6 x 10 -4)

0.000,76 M Citric Acid = 7.6 x 10 -4 M

0.000,1 M = 1 x 10 -4 M

= 3.1

HC2H3O2

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 29

pH
Baking Soda

[H+] = 1 x 10 -pH

pH = - log [H+]

= 1 x 10 -8.5 M = 3.2 x 10 -9 M = 1 x 10 -9.4 M = 5.0 x 10 -10 M

0.000,000,04 M = 4.0 x 10 -8 M

8.5

Cleaner

9.3
pH = - log (4.0 x 10 -8)

Blood

= 7.4
9 - 30

CH110: Chpt 9

pH of some common materials

Substance pH

1 M HCl
Lemon juice Coffee Pure Water Blood Milk of Magnesia 1M NaOH
CH110: Chpt 9

0.0
2.3 5.0 7.0 7.35-7.45 10.5 14.0
9 - 31

pH meter:

Pigments:
pH paper: Litmus paper: Anthocyanins: red cabbage, cranberries, roses Phenolphthalein: Turmeric:
CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 35

Indicator examples
Acid-base indicators undergo a color change at a known pH.

phenolphthalein

methyl red

bromthymol blue
CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 36

Acid Reactions
HCl + Zn Acid Metal

ZnCl2 + H2
Salt

H+ Zn

Cl-

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 37

Activity series of metals

potassium sodium calcium magnesium aluminum zinc chromium iron nickel tin lead copper silver platinum gold Reacts violently with cold water Reacts slowly with cold water Reacts very slowly with steam but quite reactive in acid

increasing reactivity

Reacts moderately with high levels of acid

Unreactive in acid
9 - 38

CH110: Chpt 9

Acid-Base Reactions HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH

Acid Base Salt Water

Neutralization:
H+ Na+
CH110: Chpt 9

ClOH-

Strong Acid + Strong Base

9 - 39

Acid-Base Reactions H2SO4 + 2 KOH K2SO4 + 2HOH

Acid Base Salt Water

H+ K+
CH110: Chpt 9

SO4-2 OH9 - 40

Acid-Base Reactions
Vinegar & Baking Soda

HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 Acid Base NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3 Salt H+ Na+ C2H3O21HCO31-

H2O + CO2(g)

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 41

Acid-Base Reactions
Cream of Tartar & Baking Soda
HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 Acid Base NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3 Salt H2O + CO2(g)

Acid Rain on Marble

H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + H2CO3

Acid

Base

Salt
H2O + CO2(g)

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 42

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 43

Acid-Base Reactions
Lemon on Fish
H3C6H8O7 + R-NH2 Acid Base C6H8O71- + R-NH31+ Salt

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 44

 Weak acid + Weak base Resists change in pH

Buffers

HC2H3O2
NaOH
NaC2H3O2 + H2O

NaC2H3O2
HCl
NaCl + HC2H3O2

CH110: Chpt 9

9 - 45

pOH examples
Determine the following: pOH = -log[OH-] or 14 - pH 1. pOH of 1.7x10-4 M NaOH pOH = 3.8 pH = 10.2

2. pOH of 5.2x10-12 M H+ pH = 11.2

3. [OH-] , if the pH is 4.5

pOH = 2.8

pOH = 9.5 [OH-] = 3.2x10-10 M

CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 53

pH scale
A log based scale used to keep track of the large change important to acids and bases. 14 10-14 M Very Basic 7 10-7 M Neutral 0 1M Very Acidic

When you add an acid, the pH gets smaller.

When you add a base, the pH gets larger.

CH110: Chpt 9 9 - 54