THEORY OF SHAPE DESCRIPTION

Orthographic Representations
The normal technical drawing is often an orthogonal projection 2-D representation requires an understanding of both the projection methods and their interpretation

 To show the object completely, the six views in the directions A, B, C, D, E, and F may be necessary The most information view of the object is normally chosen as the principal view
Generally shows the object in the functioning, manufacturing, or mounting position

Method of Representation
Third-Angle Projection

First-Angle Projection

Reference arrows layout

Mirrored Orthographic Representation

Identifying Symbols
To indicate the method of representation The preferred location is in the lower right-hand corner of the drawing, adjacent to the title block

Coordinate Input

Parallel Surfaces and Visible Edges and Lines

Types of surfaces generally found on objects can be divided into flat surfaces parallel to the viewing planes, with or without hidden features
Flat surfaces that appear inclined in one plane and parallel to the other two principal reference planes

Hidden Surfaces and Edges

Most engineering drawings are complicated and many features cannot be seen when viewed from outside the piece It consist of short, evenly spaced dashes

Application of Hidden Lines

EXERCISES

Inclined Surfaces
If the surfaces of an object lie in either a horizontal or a vertical position, the surfaces appear in their true shapes in one of the three views and they appear as lines in the other two views
When a surface is inclined in only one direction, that surface cannot be seen in its true shape in the top, front, or side view. In two views it is a distorted surface; in the third, it appears as a line

Inclined surfaces

Circular Features

The circular features appear circular in one view only and that no line is used to show where a curved surface joins a flat surface Hidden circles, like hidden flat surfaces, are represented on drawings by hidden lines equal to their diameters

Oblique Surfaces
When a surface is sloped so that it is not perpendicular to any of the three viewing planes, it appears as a surface in all three views but never in its true shape Since the oblique surface is not perpendicular to the viewing planes, it cannot be parallel to them and consequently appears foreshortened

The location of some corners of oblique surfaces are found by projecting points and lines from other views