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INTRODUCTION
Other meanings of GIS. information system. Geographical information science. Geospatial information studies
A geographic
is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographically referenced data. is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology. Michael F (2010) also defined Geographic information science is the science underlying the geographic concepts, applications and systems.
GIS
(Goodchild,
In 1854, John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some individual cases, possibly the earliest use of the geographic method. 20th century saw the development of photozincography, which allowed maps to be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water
In 1960, the first operational GIS was developed in Ottawa Canada by the federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development by Dr. Roger Tomlinson, it was called the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) CGIS was an improvement over 'computer mapping' applications as it provided capabilities for overlay, measurement and digitizing/scanning. Tomlinson has become known as the 'father of GIS', particularly for his use of overlays in promoting the spatial analysis of convergent geographic data.
The CGIS was never available in a commercial form even though it lasted till late 1990s.
In 1964, Howard T. Fisher formed the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Design and important theoretical concepts of spatial handling were developed and in 1970s distributed software systems like GRID, SYMAP and ODDESSEY.
Non-spatial Spatial
data refers to geographic areas or features. A feature occupies a location. data has no specific location in space. It can however, have a geographic component and be linked to a geographic location.
Non-spatial
Themes
Geographical Database or Themes: Themes link features with their attributes Themes are linked by geography Collections of themes form a GIS database.
Themes can be used to solve problems like: Site Location. Visualizing customer locations is critical to businesses trying to make better marketing decisions. Analyzing location is key to making decisions about where to set up a business or service. Presenting information as maps reveals `relationships and patterns that may otherwise be hidden.
The location of a point feature, such as a bore hole, can be described by a single x,y coordinate. Linear features, such as roads and rivers, can be stored as a collection of point coordinates.
THE RASTER MODEL The Raster graphics pixel as the smallest individual grid unit building block of an image, usually not readily identified as an artifact shape until an image is produced on a very large scale. A combination of the pixels making up an image color formation scheme will compose details of an image, as is distinct from the commonly used points, lines, and polygon area location symbols of scalable vector graphics as the basis of the vector model of area attribute rendering. Models continuous feature a collection of grid cells.
GIS enable not only the production of one kind of map, but the production of many kinds of maps. Their data is accessed in an integrative fashion and outputs produced in an adaptive, variable fashion on demand. Maps are designed and produced as representations for particularly purposes. A GIS enables this production, which is often optimised for communication purposes based on map content. In most cases maps are in 2-D and are viewed on flat displays or paper hardcopy materials. True 3-D and 4D viewing is associated with visualisation and implies an immersive environment.
Disadvantages of GIS
High cost compared to conventional outdoor substation. Excessive damage in case of internal fault. Long outage periods as repair of damaged part at site may be difficult. Requirement of cleanliness is very stringent. Dust or moisture can cause internal flashovers. Such substations are generally in door. They need a separate building This is generally not required for conventional outdoor substations.
Earth surface-based scientific investigations; Resource management Reference and projections of a geospatial nature, both artificial and natural; Asset management and location planning\ Archaeology; Environmental impact-assessment; Infrastructure assessment and development; Urban planning and regional planning; Cartography, for a thematic and/or time-based purpose; Criminology; Geospatial intelligence; Gis data development;