* Electronic Nose

By Student

The main aim of this project is to design and construct an electronic nose.
The project Electronic Nose itself indicates that whenever any leakage of dangerous gases, smoke, or alcohol occurs in the industries or any firm so that it will indicate through the buzzer alarm system.

*
Electronic Nose

Regulated power supply GAS Detector sensor Smoke Detector sensor Alcohol Detector sensor

ADC

LED Indicators

ADC

Micro controller
ADC

Buzzer driver

Buzzer

Reset Crystal Oscillator

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

be 5v supply

Every embedded system requires dc voltage and that will

We are getting 230v, 50 Hz in our house hold applications.

We can be used to operate the home appliances like T.V, cooler, fan, lights Digital electronic devices need digital supply and we can get supply from regulated power supply block
Step down transformer (12-0-12 )

230 v AC

Bridge rectifier

Capacitive filter

Regulator (7805)

+5V DC

TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a electromagnetic device which induces the voltage due to magnetic field present between primary and secondary windings. It has two windings called as primary winding and secondary winding. We are giving input 230v input voltage at primary side. The output of transformer is 9v(ac only). We have two types of transformers

1) 2)

Step up transformer. Step down transformer.

* Rectifier
Rectifier is circuit which converts the ac in to dc. We have two types of rectifier.

1. 2.

Full wave rectifier Half wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier again classified as follows

1. 2.

Bridge rectifier Cetertapped full wave rectifier In this project we are using bridge rectifier because the efficiency of the bridge rectifier is high compare to all rectifiers.

* Filter
*The output of rectifier is not pure DC. It may contain some
ripple components that is pulsating DC. To eliminate this ripple components which are present in output we are using filter.

*Filter is a circuit which is used to eliminate the ripples present

in rectified output.

*We have many types of filters.

*Most of the power supplies are using capacitor filter to filter out
the ripples present in output.

* Regulator
* The output of filter is not constant output
voltage it will varies according to changes in input but we want constant output voltage. For this purpose we are using voltage regulator.

* Regulator is defined as it is a device which will

maintain constant output irrespective of changes in input.

* The most popular regulator series is 78xx

series. This series have more advantages.

We are using 7805 voltage regulator to maintain constant 5v output voltage irrespective of changes in input voltage.

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. Embedded system is classified into 3 categories:

Stand Alone Embedded System Real-time embedded systems Network communication embedded systems

Stand Alone Embedded System

These systems takes the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers or commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and produces desired output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving output is done in standalone mode. Such embedded systems comes under stand alone embedded systems Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..

Real-time embedded systems

Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a specific time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There are two types of real-time embedded systems. 1. Hard Real-time embedded systems: These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the tasking is not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the entire equipment. Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds. If this valve is not opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So in such cases we use embedded systems for doing automatic operations.

2.

Soft Real Time embedded systems:

These embedded systems follow a relative dead line time period i.e.., if the task is not done in a particular time that will not cause damage to the equipment. Eg: Consider a TV remote control system

If the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control. These systems which will not cause damage when they are not operated at considerable time period those systems comes under soft realtime embedded systems.

Network communication embedded systems A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using embedded systems. Eg: Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can be used to spread communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to another computer with internet connection throughout anywhere in the world.

* Microcontroller
* A microcontroller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU combined with support functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, watchdog timer, serial and analog I/O etc.

* Microcontrollers are also used in

scientific, high technology, and aerospace projects.

* Microcontrollers are designed for small or

dedicated applications.

Contd.

*Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies as

low as 4 kHz, as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power consumption (mill watts or microwatts)

*Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products

and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys.

*A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system

with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used with an embedded system.

* Contd.

* Microcontrollers must provide real time response to events in the

embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an interrupt system can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an interrupt service routine (ISR, or "interrupt handler").

* Embedded processors are usually used to control devices, they

sometimes need to accept input from the device they are controlling.

PIC MICROCONTROLLER

*PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made

by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller".

*A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the

low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching.

*PIC CONTROLLER

PIC microcontroller has four optional clock sources. Low power crystal Mid range crystal High range crystal RC oscillator (low cost). Programmable timers and on-chip ADC. Up to 12 independent interrupt sources. Powerful output pin control (25 mA (max.) current sourcing capability per pin.) EPROM/OTP/ROM/Flash memory option. I/O port expansion capability.

A microcontroller can be considered a selfcontained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an embedded system. The 16F72 micro controller is powerful (200 nanosecond instruction execution) yet easy-toprogram (only 35 single word instructions) CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller. The PIC 16F72 is a 28 pin IC in the physical structure with 3 ports like port A (6 pins), port B (8 pins), port C (8 pins) excluding the supply pins(4 pins).

LED
Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators. Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..) LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component

*ADVANTAGES OF LED
Long life : Lifetimes can exceed 100,000 hours, as compared to 1,000 hours for tungsten bulbs Robustness : No moving parts, no glass Size : Typical package is only 5 mm in diameter Energy efficiency : Up to 90% less energy used translates into smaller power supply required Versatility : Available in a variety of colors

*Applications of led
*Medical Instrumentation *Bar Code Readers *Color & Money Sensors *Electronic Gadgets *Encoders *Optical Switches *Embedded systems *Fiber Optic Communication

BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

* Alcohol sensor is going to detect presence

of alcohol in atmosphere even in minute quantities

* When a metal oxide Crystal such as SnO2 is

heated at a certain high temperature in air, oxygen is adsorbed on the crystal surface with a negative charge. through the conjunction parts (grain boundary) of SnO2 micro crystals

* Inside the sensor, electric current flows

* GAS SENSOR
Gas sensors are gas detectors that measure the concentration of a target gas by oxidizing or reducing the target gas at an electrode and measuring the resulting current. Features :

High Sensitivity Detection Range: 0 - 10,000 ppm CO2 Response Time: <60ms Heater Voltage: 6.0V Dimensions: 16mm Diameter, 15mm High

* SMOKE SENSOR
This semiconductor gas sensor detects the presence of combustible gas and smoke at concentrations . These are easy to install and are used in both residential as well as commercial sectors. If any smoke is detected by the sensor then it is going to alert the micro controller.

OSCILLATOR
An electronic oscillator is an electronic
circuit that produces a repetitive Electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. PIC micro controller internally having 4mhz clock frequency. We are giving the 20Mhz clock frequency as an external source for increasing the system performance

*RESET BUTTON

The reset button is a button that when clicked, will clear all of the fields in the micro controller, and executes the instructions from the starting address. A switch placed between the digital input and ground will short the digital input to ground when it is pressed. This means the voltage seen at the input will be high when the switch is open and low when the switch is closed.