Presentation On Coordination Chemistry

Transition Metals

Transition metals are found in nature

Rocks and minerals contain transition metals The color of many gemstones is due to the presence of transition metal ions
Rubies are

red due to Cr

Sapphires are

blue due to presence of Fe and Ti

Many biomolecules contain transition metals that are involved in the functions of these biomolecules
Vitamin

B12 contains Co Hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome C contain Fe

Transition Metals

Transition metals and their compounds have many useful applications

Fe is used to make steel and stainless steel Ti is used to make lightweight alloys Transition metal compounds are used as pigments
TiO2

= white PbCrO4 = yellow Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (prussian blue)= blue

Transition metal compounds are used in many industrial processes

Transition Metals
To understand the uses and applications of transition metals and their compounds, we need to understand their chemistry. Our focus will be on the 4th period transition elements.

Periodic Table

d block transition elements

f block transition elements

Transition Metals

Properties
Have typical metallic properties Not as reactive as Grp. IA, IIA metals Have high MPs, high BPs, high density, and are hard and strong Have 1 or 2 s electrons in valence shell Differ in # d electrons in n-1 energy level Exhibit multiple oxidation states

Oxidation States of Transition Elements

Sc Ti +2 +3 +3 +4 V +2 +3 +4 +5 Cr +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
3/7/01

Mn Fe +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
Ch. 24

Co +2 +3

Ni +1 +2 +3 +4

Cu +1 +2 +3

Zn +2

+2 +3 +4 +5 +6

11

loss of ns e-s loss of ns and (n-1)d e-s

d-Block Transition Elements

IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB

Sc

Ti

Cr Mn Fe

Co

Ni Cu Zn

Y
La

Zr
Hf

Nb Mo
Ta W

Tc
Re

Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Most have partially occupied d subshells in common oxidation states

Electronic Configurations
Element
Sc Ti V Cr Mn

Configuration
[Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]3d24s2 [Ar]3d34s2 [Ar]3d54s1 [Ar]3d54s2

[Ar] = 1s22s22p63s23p6

Transition Metals
Characteristics

due to d electrons:

Exhibit multiple oxidation states Compounds typically have color Exhibit interesting magnetic properties
paramagnetism
ferromagnetism

Properties of Transition Metal Complexes

Properties

of transition metal complexes:

upon ligand(s) and metal ion

usually have color

dependent

many are paramagnetic

due

to unpaired d electrons degree of paramagnetism dependent on ligand(s)

[Fe(CN)6]3- has 1 unpaired d electron [FeF6]3- has 5 unpaired d electrons

 Transition
Form

metals act as Lewis acids

Lewis base Complex ion

complexes/complex ions Fe3+(aq) + 6CN-(aq) Fe(CN)63-(aq) Ni2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) Ni(NH3)62+(aq)

Lewis acid

Lewis acid

Lewis base

Complex ion

Complex contains central metal ion bonded to one or more molecules or anions

Lewis acid = metal = center of coordination

Lewis base = ligand = molecules/ions covalently bonded to metal in complex

Geometries of Complexes
Coordination Number Geometry

Linear
Example: [Ag(NH3)2]+

Geometries of Complexes
Coordination Number Geometry

tetrahedral

Examples: [Zn(NH3)4]2+, [FeCl4]-

square planar
Example: [Ni(CN)4]2-

Geometries of Complexes
Coordination Number Geometry

6
Examples: [Co(CN)6]3-, [Fe(en)3]3+

octahedral

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds: IUPAC Rules

The

cation is named before the anion

When naming a complex: Ligands are named first alphabetical order Metal atom/ion is named last oxidation state given in Roman numerals follows in parentheses

Use

no spaces in complex name Greek

prefixes are used to indicate the number of each type of ligand when more than one is present in the complex di-, 2; tri-, 3; tetra-, 4; penta-, 5; hexa-, 6

Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules

Ligand bromide, Brchloride, Clcyanide, CNhydroxide, OHoxide, O2fluoride, FName bromo chloro cyano hydroxo oxo fluoro

Nomenclature: IUPAC Rules

Ligand carbonate, CO32oxalate, C2O42sulfate, SO42thiocyanate, SCNthiosulfate, S2O32Sulfite, SO32Name carbonato oxalato sulfato thiocyanato thiosulfato sulfito

End of Presentation