Smt.

Indira Gandhi College of Engineering Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai

Modeling of Network components for Optical OFDM based networks

Rupen Vasant Patil Amar Sandeep Hursale Kartik Raju Vishnuraj Rajendran

Presentation Outline

Introduction
OFDM

Optical Network Components

Optical Transmitter

Optical amplifiers Optical Receiver Optical Filters

Switching Elements

Conclusion References

Introduction

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is split into several narrowband channels at different frequencies Recently a multi-carrier modulation format called coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) has been proposed. Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) represents the ultimate performance in receiver sensitivity, spectral efficiency, and robustness against polarization dispersion, but it requires the highest complexity in transceiver design.

Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM frequency division

EARN IN SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

OFDM

Effective solution to intersymbol interference caused by a dispersive channel. Transfers the complexity of transmitters and receivers from the analog to the digital domain. Data is transmitted in parallel on a number of different frequencies ISI affects at most one symbol, and equalization is simplified.

OFDM has been adopted for several technologies: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) services. IEEE 802 . 1 1 a/g, IEEE 802 . 1 6 a Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in Europe, ISDB in Japan 4G, IEEE 802. 1 1 h, IEEE 802 . 1 6 a, and IEEE 802.20.

Optical networks
An optical networks consists of following components:

Optical transmitters Optical amplifiers Optical filters Optical receivers

Optical transmitters

The most commonly-used optical transmitters are semiconductor devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and Laser Diodes. The difference between LEDs and laser diodes is that LEDs produce incoherent light, while laser diodes produce coherent light.

LASER DIODE

LED

Optical Amplifiers
An optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without the need to first convert it to an electrical signal. Thought of as a laser without an optical cavity, or one in which feedback from the cavity is suppressed. Optical amplifiers are important in optical communication and laser physics.

Generic optical amplifier

Optical Amplifiers

Used routinely for loss compensation since 1995. Amplify input signal but also add some noise. Several kinds of amplifiers have been developed. Semiconductor optical amplifiers Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Raman fiber amplifiers Fiber-Optic parametric amplifiers

Applications
EDFAs are used most commonly for light wave systems. Raman amplifiers work better for long-haul systems. Parametric amplifiers are still at the research stage.

Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

device physics same as EEL. difference is that R< 10-5: AR, angled stripe, window region SOA can be operated in saturation, or unsaturated. gain clamping single pass chip gain: G=exp (g_modal * L) packaging: TEC, high coupling efficiency, isolators

EDFA
EDFA has revolutionized optical communications All optical and fiber compatible Wide bandwidth, 20~70 nm High gain, 20~40 dB High output power, >200mW Bit rate, modulation format, power and wavelength insensitive Low distortion and low noise (NF<5dB)

Raman amplifier
Raman amplification is the principle used in Raman amplifiers. Raman amplification takes place when signal at shifted wavelength passes through the same material as the pump light. The signal stimulates stronger Raman-shifted emission of light at the same wavelength as the signal.

Optical Filters

Tunable optical filters are characterized primarily by their tuning range and tuning time. The tuning range specifies the range of wavelengths which can be accessed by a filter. An alternative to tunable filters is to use fixed filters or grating devices. Grating devices typically filter out one or more different wavelength signals from a single fiber, used to implement optical multiplexers and demultiplexers or receiver arrays.

Types of filters
FILTERS
TUNABLE FIXED

Etalon Mach-Zehnder Chain

Acoustooptic

Grating

Thin Film Interference Fiber Bragg Gratings

Electroopti c

Liquid Crystal Fabry Perot

Tunable optical filters and their tuning ranges

Optical Receivers

The main component of an optical receiver is a photo detector, which converts light into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The photo detector is typically a semiconductor-based photodiode.

p-i-n Photodiode

avalanche photodiode

Optical couplers ,combiners and splitters

A coupler is a general term that covers all devices that combine light into or split light out of a fiber. A splitter is a coupler that divides the optical signal on one fiber to two or more fibers. For a two-port splitter, the most common splitting ratio is 50:50, though splitters with any ratio can be manufactured Combiners are the reverse of splitters, and when turned around, a combiner can be used as a splitter.
coupler

splitter

combiner

OFDM Advantages
Spectrally efficient . Inherent robustness against narrowband interference . Equalization is very simple compared to Single-Carrier systems. Excellent robustness in multi-path environments. Ability to comply with world-wide regulations.

OFDM Disadvantages

High sensitivity inter-channel interference, ICI.

OFDM is sensitive to frequency, clock and phase offset.

The OFDM time-domain signal has a relatively large peak-to-average ratio tends to reduce the power efficiency of the RF amplifier non-linear amplification destroys the orthogonality of the OFDM signal and introduced out-of-band radiation

Conclusion

Optical OFDM is a promising technology which is advantageous than wireless medium. Higher Data rates coupled with lower losses due to optical medium makes applications of OFDM more advantageous.

References

Optical Fiber communication, Gerd Keiser, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill publications A. J. Lowery and J. Armstrong, Orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing for dispersion compensation of long-haul optical systems.
Optical components for light wave networks, Michael S. Borella and Jason. P .Jue published on May 21 , 1997 Photonic Devices and systems, Lecture 25 - Arizona Optics.

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