Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity of

Engine Coolant(HP Kool Gard) by use of

TiO
2
Nanoparticles
08311A0315
08311A0317
08311A0321
08311A0325





CONTENTS
Introduction

Properties of Coolant

Methods of preparation of TiO2 nanofluid

Procedure for preparation

Evaluation of nanofluid properties

Discussion


Introduction
Thermo-physical properties of nanofluid are essential
for the evaluation of heat transfer coefficient.

These properties vary with concentration and
temperature.

The effect of variation of these parameters on thermo
physical properties has been dealt by Masuda et al.
(1993), Murshed et al. (2005), Zhang et al. (2007),
Wang et al. (2002) and Dungthongsuk et al. (2009).
Properties of Coolant
HP Kool Gard is a composition of ethylene glycol containing anti-
corrosive and anti-freeze additives
The properties given in the specifications are :


Property Value
Density 1053.4 kg/m3
Boiling point 150 C
Freezing
point(30 vol%
water)
-14.5 C
pH(30 vol%
water)
7 9
Methods for preparing TiO2 nanofluid
TiO2 nanoparticles with an average
size of 21nm, supplied by Sigma-
Aldrich Chemicals Ltd, Germany has
been used to prepare the nanofluid
with water as the base fluid.


Presently three methods are
available for nanofluid preparation:
1. Direct mixing of nanoparticles to the
base fluid
2. Mixing nanoparticles to base fluid in
the acidic range
3. Use of surfactants to the base liquid.
Titanium-di-oxide nanoparticles
Procedure for preparation
The surfacant used here is CTAB(Cetyl
Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide)

Nanofluid at different volume concentration in
the range of 0.2% - 1.0% is prepared for
property evaluation.

To prepare TiO2 nanofluid of 0.2%
concentration, for every 100 grams of
coolant, 0.8104 grams of nanoparticles is to
be mixed.

Samples are first prepared by adding CTAB(0.1
times the weight of TiO2 nano particles) in
different proportions to coolant and the mixtures
stirred for 10 minutes.

The nanoparticles are then added and stirred
continuously for 10 hours and the samples
observed for dispersion and stability.
Preparation of nano fluid
using surfacant
Evaluation of nanofluid properties
1. Density :
The density of nanofluid at different volume concentrations at
room temperature are calculated with




Where
Density of titanium di oxide, 4260 kg/m3

Density of coolant, 1053.4 kg/m3

Weight of sample coolant, 100 grams

( )
w p nf
| | + = 1

p

w
W
2. Absolute viscosity :
Viscosity of nanofluid is estimated using
Redwood-1 viscometer at different volume
concentrations and temperatures.

The actual value absolute viscosity othe
nanofluid is found from the equation



where in c.Poise, in kg/m3, t in 0C

Wang et al. (1999) proposed a model for
calculating the viscosity of nanofluids
theoretically which is defined as:


t
B
At =

( )
w f n
| |
2
. .
123 3 . 7 1 + + =
Photograph of viscosity
measuring instrument

3. Specific heat :
The specific heat of nanofluid at any concentration can be
estimated from the relation valid for homogeneous mixtures given
by






The specific heat calculated using the above equation is
compared to the values obtained from the Pak and Cho equation
given by






( ) ( ) ( )
( )
p w
p
p
w
p
nf
p
C C
C
| |
| |
+
+
=
1
1

( )
w p
nf
p
C C C | | + = 1
4. Thermal Conductivity :
The effective thermal conductivity of
nanofluid at different volume
concentrations is estimated using the
thermal conductivity apparatus supplied
by P.A. Hilton, U.K.

The value of thermal conductivity of the
nano fluid can be calculated from the
equation :

Q = dT/dr

where
Q is the electrical energy supplied
is face area of fluid lamina
dr is the thickness from the plug to
the jacket
fluid
k
Photograph of Thermal
conductivity measuring
instrument
L d
m
t
fluid
k
L d
m
t


The value of thermal conductivity so obtained is then compared
with the values of different researchers model. Few recent ones
are shown :

1. Timofeeva et al. (2007) suggested the effective medium theory to
calculate thermal conductivity of nanofluids, which is expressed
as follows:


2. Murshed et al. (2006) developed a model for the effective
thermal conductivity of nanofluids which shows a nonlinear
nature.







| | | 3 1
. .
+ =
w f n
k k
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
27 . 0 27 . 0
1
52 . 0
1
1
1
52 . 0
1 1 27 . 0 1
3 / 1
3 / 1
3 / 4
3 / 1
3 / 4
.
|
|
|
|
|
|
w
p
w
p
w
p
w f n
k
k
k
k
k
k
k k
Discussion
After finding the properties of the nanofluid we hope to

1. check wether the addition of nanoparticles increased
the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.

2. check wether the results obtained are in good
agreement with the measured data of the researchers.

3. find a new relation for calculating the properties of
nanofluids.