GROUP 17

Man Kin Diane Chui Lee Zhong-Yuen Lee Kang Cheol

Halogens
ALL Group VII elements are non-metals They ALL exist as diatomic molecules The melting point and boiling point of the halogens increase going down the group The Colours of halogens get darker going down the group

Atomic Radius Melting Point Boiling Point Colour

- 0.072 nm - -220 C - -188C - Pale Yellow

Halogens

Atomic Radius Melting Point Boiling Point Colour

- 0.099nm - -101C - -35C - Green/Yellow

Atomic Radius Melting Point Boiling Point Colour

- 0.114nm - -7C - -35C - Orange/Brown

Atomic Radius Melting Point Boiling Point Colour

- 0.133nm - 114C - 184C - Grey/Black Solid, Purple Vapour

Chemical Properties of Group VII Elements The Halogens get less reactive going down Group VII The Halogens get less powerful as oxidizing agents going down Group VII

A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from a halide solution of the less reactive halogen
It is easier to oxidize hydrogen halides going down Group VII

Electronegativity

4.0

3.0

2.8

2.5

Hydrogen Reactions of Halogens H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g)

Reacts Explosively even in cool, dark conditions.

H2(g)

Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)

Reacts explosively in sunlight.

H2(g)

Br2(g) 2HBr(g)

Reacts slowly on heating.

H2(g)

I2(g) 2HI(g)

Forms an equilibrium mixture on heating.

More Thermally Stable

562K J

431K J

366K J

Least Thermally Stable

299K J

Bond Energy

Reactions of Halide Ions

Reaction of Halide ions with AgNO3

Reaction of Halide ions with concentrated H2SO4

Reaction of Silver Nitrate, AgNO3

In General :

AgNO3(aq) + X-(aq) AgX (s) + NO3- (aq)

E.g.
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) Ionic Equation: Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Ag+(aq)+ NO3-(aq) AgCl(s) + Na+(aq)+ NO3(aq)

Observations (with various halide ions)

Halide ion

Colour of Silver halide precipitate on addition of silver nitrate solution

Effect on precipitate of dilute ammonia solution

Effect on precipitate of adding concentrated ammonia solution

Chloride, Cl- (aq)

Bromide, Br- (aq) Iodide, I- (aq)

white
cream Pale yellow

Dissolves
Remains insoluble Remains insoluble

Dissolves
Dissolves Remains insoluble

Reaction of Halide ions with Concentrated Sulphuric Reaction of Sodium Chloride with Concentrated Sulphuric acid
NaCl(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HCl(g)

Observations White fumes (Hydrochloric Acid) are present.

Reaction of Sodium Bromide with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid NaBr(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HBr(g) followed by oxidation of HBr : 2HBr(g)+ H2SO4(l) Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Observations : Bromine is seen as a brown gas.

Reaction of Sodium Iodide with Concentrated Sulfuric Acid NaI(s) + H2SO4(l) NaHSO4(s) + HI(g) dioxide, Followed by oxidation of HI: 2HI(g) + H2SO4 I2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) and: 6HI(g) + H2SO4(l) 3I2(g) + S(s) + 4H2O(l) and: 8HI(g) + H2SO4(l) 4I2(g) + H2S(g) + 4H2O(l) Observations:
Sulfur is seen as a yellow solid Hydrogen Sulfide has a strong smell of bad eggs Iodine is produced as a violet/purple color.

- Sulfuric Acid is reduced to sulfur sulfur and hydrogen sulfide

Uses of the halogens and their compounds

Chlorination of Water

Bleach

Iodine as an disinfectant

Chlorination of Water

Adding a small amount of Chlorine to a water supply will kill bacteria. The Chlorine undergoes disproportion in water: Cl2(aq) + H2O(l) HCl + HClO (aq)
Oxidation number: of Chlorine 0 -1 +1

Chloric (I) Acid, HClO decomposes slowly in the solution, producing reactive oxygen atoms that kill bacteria with water.

Bleach

Bleach is an equal mixture of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium chlorate(I) (NaClO), made from chlorine and cold alkali (15C) Chlorine in Cold Alkali (15C): Cl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l) Sodium Chlorate(I) bleaches colors and stains because oxygen atoms from the chlorate(I) ions oxidize dye and other colored molecules. They also kill bacteria when toilets are cleaned with bleach.

Iodine as an disinfectant

The microbiocidal action of Iodine is due to the active form, I2, which is polarized by water and like all halogens (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, etc.), acts as an extremely potent oxidizer. Activated iodine (I2) reacts in electrophilic reactions with enzymes of the respiratory chain as well as with amino acids located in cell membrane and cell wall proteins. The well-balanced tertiary structure necessary for maintaining the respiratory chain as well as cell integrity is destroyed and the microorganism is irreversibly damaged.