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Why the critical literature review must inform research project problem definition, design decisions and justification Critical analysis, critical thinking and synthesis Uses of literature in developing structure/supported argument Sources of literature available to support a research project How to plan effective and efficient literature searches How to record and catalogue literature searches How to document and present a critical literature review
Recall
Note
For the Research Proposal you set out the first 3 steps and state your PLANS for Phase 4, regarding data collection & analysis. For the final year dissertation you will cover all 5 steps! The Critical Literature Review (CLR) is a vital phase in these processes.
Note
A CLR forms Section 2 of the Research Proposal max. 40 marks (See module handbook) An extended CLR typically forms one of the earlier chapters of the final year dissertation The academic journal articles that we recommend provide embody CLRs and act as models of good practice in How to write them (to differing degrees).
Seminar Pre-reading
Required (Directed)
Bryman&Bell (ch.23) Saunders (2003: Chapter 3 & Case 3) Jankowicz (2002: Chapter 8) Recommended (Self-Directed) Creswell (2003: Chapter 2) Burton (2000: Part III)
What are the major issues and debates about the topic? What are the key sources? Who are the key authors? Who influenced them? What are the key concepts, models, principles, theories and ideas? What are the main questions and problems that have been addressed to date?
What are the origins of the topic? How has it been defined?
What strategies/designs/methods of data collection have past researchers used? Might they influence your choices? What ethical or access issues did researchers come across? Can you learn from this? Did they suggest opportunities, so that you can take over where they left off?
Sets the context of your research topic Identifies the key texts/ideas Demonstrates your knowledge and critical understanding of the topic Refines parameters of your study Justifies need to conduct a study
It provides justification of your central research question and research objectives/purpose It helps you refine your central research question and research objectives/purpose It highlights research possibilities that have been overlooked implicitly in research to date To discover explicit recommendations for further research
Examples of
Lit. Reviewed
a feminist epistemology Legitimately borrowing ideas and concepts from another field
Wider
Significance hinted at
Source: Constanti and Gibbs, 2004. HE teachers and Emotional Labour (Emerald)
It will help you to avoid simply repeating work that has been done already It will hep you to integrate both existing research within your central research question and research objectives/purpose
Your review MUST not simply describe/repeat what we already know It MUST critically analyse in relation to your research area How do key ideas relate together and relate to your research area Assess the credibility & value of previous work Whats the justification for your research? Analyses critically! Think critically! Synthesise
Locating and Including All The Key Literature isnt Easy But doing so is expected at UG level
Plan; be Efficient, be Effective Many searches, many approaches Athens etc, Internet Searches, Learning Centre Bound Copies, Visit British Library, Conference Proceedings Network with and Speak to Authors, other Researchers, Practitioners, Professionals, Your Supervisor Look for Published Review Articles Use Reference Lists to guide your searches Search abstracts Focus on key Authors If you can, go to conferences, local research events
Emerald Fulltext
You will need ATHENS password to enter
AND narrows search Recruitment and interviewing and skills Only articles containing all three key words selected
Advanced searching Common link terms that use Boolean logic Link term Purpose Example Outcome OR widens search Recruitment or selection Articles with at least one key word selected
Advanced searching
Advanced searching
Advanced searching
Write your review in note form as you go Apply the Lit. Review Template on each article Find relationships draw them on a Reference Tree or Mind Map Meet with your tutor to discuss your Proposal (see module calendar) Develop a logical progression of critical arguments, links/synthesis, evidence Use software to catalogue revisions, comments and build a reference list as you go, e.g. ENDNOTE; MS ACCESS.
libraries online
and build up reading lists very quickly indeed
Read the entire module handbook Read and use S.Watsons Guide to e searching (available on my website) Find a suitable article B and bring a print out along to the class for the tutor to see it a week before the presentation. As audience members read the article A that forms part of next weeks presentation (see handbook for details) and be prepared to take part in discussions. From now on, apply the Literature Review Template to all academic articles you come across, (not just for the presentation) and save the results systematically.
distinguishing what has been done from what needs to be done discovering important variables relevant to the topic synthesising and gaining a new perspective identifying relationships between ideas and practice establishing the context of the topic or problem rationalizing the significance of the problem
enhancing and acquiring the subject vocabulary understanding the structure of the subject relating ideas and theory to applications identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the art developments
3.
4.
How do you think Geoffs view of the purpose of undertaking a literature review changed? What specific skills did Geoff develop in the course of preparing the review? Why do you think Geoffs friend recorded everything she had read in a database rather than just those articles she felt she would definitely be of use in her dissertation? How could Geoff have made better use of Internet search engines in researching his topic?
Appendices
How is knowledge on the topic structured What are the origins and and organised? definitions of the topic?
A point of view that they agree with, accede to,or wish to defend? A new point of view which they seek to propose? A point of view which they concede has certain merits, but which needs to be qualified in some way? A point of view which needs to be reformulated such that a new version makes for a better explanation?
A point of view which needs to be reformulated such that a new version makes for a better explanation? A point of view which they dismiss on account of its inadequacy, irrelevancy, or incoherence? Authors try to reconcile two positions, which seem at variance, by appeal to some third principle? Gaps in the literature.
Research Problem
Literature Review
Research Design
Research Findings
1. Informs
3. Reforms 4. Contributes to
The Critical Literature Review defined: The selection of available documents (both published and unpublished) on the topic, which contain information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint to fulfil certain aims or express certain views on the nature of the topic and how it is to be investigated, and the effective evaluation of these documents in relation to the research being proposed. (Hart, 1998)