Two triangles are congruent if three sides and three angles of one triangle are equal to the corresponding

sides and angles of other triangle. The congruence of two triangles follows immediately from the congruence of three lines segments and three angles.

1. SIDE ANGLE SIDE RULE (SAS RULE) Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the includes angle of one triangle is equal to the two sides and the included angle of other triangle. GIVEN: AB=DE, BC=EF , B= E SOLUTION: IF AB=DE, BC=EF , ABS = DEF
A

B=

E then by SAS Rule

D

600 B 4 cm C E

600 4 cm F

2. ANGLE SIDE ANGLE RULE (ASA RULE ) Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to the two angles and the included side of the other triangle. A GIVEN: ABC= ACB= BC = EF TO PROVE : ABC = DEF ABC = ACB = DEF, (GIVEN) DFE, (GIVEN) DEF, DFE,
B D C

BS = EF

(GIVEN)

ABC = DEF (BY ASA RULE)

3. ANGLE ANGLE SIDE RULE (AAS RULE)

Two triangles are congruent if two angles and a side of one triangle is equal to the two angles and one a side of the other. GIVEN: IN ABC & DEF
<B=< E <A= <D
A

< BC = < EF
TO PROVE :ABC = DEF <B=<E

<A =<D
BC = EF ABC = DEF (BY AAS RULE)
E F

4. SIDE SIDE SIDE RULE (SSS RULE)

Two triangles are congruent if all the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of other triangle.
A

Given: IN ABC & DEF AB = DE , BC = EF , AC = DF TO PROVE : ABC = DEF AB = DE (GIVEN ) BC = EF (GIVEN ) AC = DF (GIVEN ) ABC = DEF (BY SSS RULE)
E F D B C

5. RIGHT HYPOTENUSE SIDE RULE (RHS RULE )

Two triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and the side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and the side of other triangle. A
GIVEN: IN ABC & DEF
< B = < E = 900 , AC = DF , AB = DE TO PROVE : ABC = DEF
900 B D C

< B = < E = 900 (GIVEN) AC = DF (GIVEN) AB = DE (GIVEN) ABC = DEF (BY RHS RULE)

900 E F

1. The angles opposite to equal sides are always equal. Given: ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC TO PROVE: B= C BAC which meets BC at
A

CONSTRUCTION : Draw AD bisector of D PROOF: IN ABC & ACD AB = AD (GIVEN) BAD = CAD (GIVEN) AD = AD (COMMON) ABD = ACD (BY SAS RULE) B = C (BY CPCT)

2. The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are always equal. Given : ABC is an isosceles triangle in which B = C TO PROVE: AB = AC CONSTRUCTION : Draw AD the bisector of BAC which meets BC at D Proof : IN ABD & ACD

B = C (GIVEN)
AD = AD (GIVEN) BAD = CAD (GIVEN)

ABD = ACD (BY ASA RULE)

AB = AC (BY CPCT)
B D C

When two quantities are unequal then on comparing these quantities we obtain a relation between their measures called inequality relation.

Theorem 1 . If two sides of a triangle are unequal the larger side has the greater angle opposite to it.

Given : IN ABC , AB>AC

TO PROVE : C = B Draw a line segment CD from vertex such that AC = AD

Proof : IN ACD , AC = AD
ACD = ADC --- (1) But ADC is an exterior angle of BDC ADC > B --- (2) From (1) &(2) ACD > B --- (3) ACB > ACD ---4 From (3) & (4) ACB > ACD > B , ACB > B , C> B
B C D A

THEOREM 2. In a triangle the greater angle has a large side opposite to it Given: IN ABC B > C TO PROVE : AC > AB PROOF : We have the three possibility for sides AB and AC of ABC (i) AC = AB If AC = AB then opposite angles of the equal sides are equal than B = C

AC AB
(ii) If AC < AB We know that larger side has greater angles opposite to it.

AC < AB , C > B
AC is not greater then AB (iii) If AC > AB B C

We have left only this possibility

AC > AB

THEOREM 3. The sum of any two angles is greater than its third side TO PROVE : AB + BC > AC BC + AC > AB AC + AB > BC CONSTRUCTION: Produce BA to D such that AD + AC . Proof: AD = AC (GIVEN) ACD = ADC (Angles opposite to equal sides are equal ) ACD = ADC --- (1) D

BCD > ACD

From (1) & (2)

----(2)
BCD > ADC = BDC A

BD > AC (Greater angles have larger opposite sides )

BA + AD > BC ( BD = BA + AD)
BA + AC > BC (By construction) AB + BC > AC BC + AC >AB B C

THEOREM 4. Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from an external point , the perpendicular line segment is the shortest. Given : A line AB and an external point. Join CD and draw CE TO PROVE CE < CD PROOF : IN CED, CED = 900 THEN CDE < CED CD < CE ( Greater angles have larger side opposite to them. ) C AB

Theorem 5 .If the altitude from one vertex of a triangle bisects the opposite side, then the triangle is isosceles triangle.
Given : A ABC such that the altitude AD from A on the opposite side BC bisects BC i. e. BD = DC To prove : AB = AC SOLUTION : IN ADB & ADC BD = DC <ADB = < ADC = 90 AD = AD (COMMON ) ADB = ADC (BY SAS RULE ) B AB = AC (BY CPCT) D A

THEOREM 6. In a isosceles triangle altitude from the vertex bisects the base . GIVEN: An isosceles triangle AB = AC To prove : D bisects BC i.e. BD = DC Proof: IN ADB & ADC ADB = ADC A

AD = AD
< B = <C ( AB = AC ; <B = <C) ADB = ADC

BD = DC (BY CPCT)

THEOREM 7. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the base of the triangle, then the triangle is isosceles.

GIVEN: A ABC in which AD bisects < A meeting BC in D such that

BD = DC, AD = DE To prove : ABC is isosceles triangle .
Proof: In ADB & EDC
BD = DC AD = DE < ADB = <EDC ADB = EDC AB = EC < BAD = < CED (BY CPCT) <BAD = < CAD (GIVEN) < CAD = < CED AC = EC (SIDES OPPOSITE TO EQUAL ANGLES ARE EQUAL)

AC = AB , HENCE ABC IS AN ISOSCELES TRIANGLE.

Similarity of triangle

Similar triangles are triangles that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
A B C D E F

ABC DEF

When we say that triangles are similar there are several repercussions that come from it. A D B E C F AB DE

BC EF

AC DF

Six of those statements are true as a result of the similarity of the two triangles. However, if we need to prove that a pair of triangles are similar how many of those statements do we need? Because we are working with triangles and the measure of the angles and sides are dependent on each other. We do not need all six. There are three special combinations that we can use to prove similarity of triangles. 1. PPP Similarity Theorem 3 pairs of proportional sides
2. PAP Similarity Theorem 2 pairs of proportional sides and congruent angles between them 3. AA Similarity Theorem 2 pairs of congruent angles

1. PPP Similarity Theorem 3 pairs of proportional sides A 5

B 12 C

9.6

mAB 5 1.25 mDF 4 mBC 12 1.25 mFE 9.6

mAC 13 1.25 mDE 10.4

ABC DFE

2. PAP Similarity Theorem 2 pairs of proportional sides and congruent angles between them L G

70

70

mGH 5 0.66 7.5 mLK mHI 7 0.66 mKJ 10.5

10.5

mH = mK

GHI LKJ

The PAP Similarity Theorem does not work unless the congruent angles fall between the proportional sides. For example, if we have the situation that is shown in the diagram below, we cannot state that the triangles are similar. We do not have the information that we need. L G

50

50

10.5

Angles I and J do not fall in between sides GH and HI and sides LK and KJ respectively.

3. AA Similarity Theorem 2 pairs of congruent angles

M

70

50

50

70

mN = mR

mO = mP

MNO QRP

It is possible for two triangles to be similar when they have 2 pairs of angles given but only one of those given pairs are congruent. T X Y
34 34 59 59 87 59

Z S

mT = mX mS = mZ

mS = 180- (34 + 87) mS = 180- 121 mS = 59

TSU XZY