INTRODUCTION

BASIC CONCEPTS OF MEASUREMENT and TRANDUCER CLASSIFICATION

BASIC CONCEPT
Measurement: describing natural phenomena in quantitive terms
Express in numbers

weight = 1 kg

Measurement System :
DISPLAY/ READOUT DEVICE/ CONTROL SYSTEM

TRANDUCER INPUT MEASURAND

SIGNAL CONDITIONING

POWER SUPPLY

Tranducer
Convert the measurand into a usable electrical output => A device capable of being actuated by an
energizing input from one or more transmission media and in turn, generating a related signal to one or more transmission system or media

=> Energy is one form of information

Signal Conditioning :
Convert transducer output into electrical quantity suitable for display or next control system
Amplifiers Signal Generation Filtering Converting

Display and Power Supply

Display/readout/next control system
Analog Display Digital Display

Power Supply : provides the requires excitation

Tranducer Classification
Mechanical Tranducer Operate without any external power supply Posses high accuracy Low cost Requirement of large forces => mechanical friction Incompability with other sensing element Not suitable for long distance measurement example : dial gauge, barometer

Dial Gauge

Barometer

Tranducer Classification (2)

Electrical Tranducer : Output can be amplified to any desired level Output can be indicated and recordes remotely at a distance Output can be modified to meet requirement of display, or controlling other device (sinyal -> tegangan atau arus, analog -> frekuensi atau pulsa) The signal can be conditioned or mixed to obtain any combination output

Disadvantates : less reliable => precision problem

Tranduser Elektrik
Suatu device yang dapat melakukan sensing terhadap suatu besaran fisik, mekanik dan optikal yang diukur, dan mengubahnya menjadi nilai tegangan atau arus yang proporsional dengan masukan yang diukur Klasifikasi Tranduser Elektrik : Tranduser Aktif Tranduser Pasif

Tranduser Aktif
self generating device , bekerja menurut hukum konversi energi Dapat membangkitkan sinyal output listrik yang ekivalen tanpa adanya sumber energi luar
Contoh : tekanan ke arus, temperatur ke tegangan

Tranduser Aktif

Piezoelectric

Solar Cell

Tranduser Pasif
Bekerja berdasarkan prinsip pengontrolan energi Bergantung pada perubahan parameter listrik (resistansi, induktansi, kapasitansi) Diperlukan penggerak dari luar
Contoh : strain gauge ; digerakan sumber DC

Tranduser Pasif

Tabel 1 : Klasifikasi Tranduser Elektrik

Tabel 2 : Dimentional relationship between parameter

Basic Quantity Linear Displacement Measured Parameter Length, width, tickness, position, level, surface quality, strain, velocity accelaration
Altitude, angle of incidence, angle of flow, angle of vibration Speed, rate of flow, momentum, vibration Angular speed, rate of turn, angular momentum, vibration Vibration, impact, motion Torque, angular vibration, angular impact, moment of inertia

Angular Displacement Linear Velocity Angular velocity Linear acceleration Angular acceleration

Dimentional relationship between parameter (2)

Basic Quantity Force Measured Parameter Weight, thrust, density, stress, torque, vibration, acceleration, pressure, flow, fluid velocity, sound intensity Gas & Liquid expansion, heat flow, heat conductivity, fluid flow, surface temperature, radiation pressure, gas velocity, turbulence Light Flux & density, temperature, length, force, torque, frequency Frequency, number of events, statistical distributin Wavelength, power, field strength

Temperature

Light Time Electromagnetic radiation

Keperluan dasar Tranduser

Ruggedness (kokoh) : kemampuan pada overload Linearity : menghasilkan hubungan input output yang linear Repeatibility : menghasilkan sinyal output yang tepat sama bila dilakukan pengukuran berulang S/N (signal to noise ) rasio yg cukup besar => SNR = Psignal / Pnoise

Keperluan dasar Tranduser (2)

Stabilitas dan Keandalan (Stability and Reliability) : respon hasil pengukuran terhadap keadaan lingkungan Dynamic Response : perbandingan yang baik antara input dan output terhadap fungsi waktu

Contoh Spesifikasi : Pressure Tranduser

References :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rangan, C.S., "Instrumentation, Device and Systems", Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 1987. Hall, Douglas V., "Microprocessor and Interfacing", McGraw-Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1986. William D. Cooper Instrumentasi Elektronika dan Teknik Pengukuran Penerbit : Erlangga 1993 Wobschall, Darold., Circuit Design for Electronic Instrumentation, McGraw-Hill, 1987 Internet