Geology of Seismic Click to edit Master subtitle style Attributes and their Application

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Types of Attributes

Pre-Stack Attributes Post-Stack Attributes

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AVO Amplitude Vs Offset

Amplitude versus offset (AVO) or amplitude variation with offset is the general term for referring to the dependency of the seismic attribute, amplitude, with the distance between the source and receiver (the offset).

AVO

analysis is a technique that geophysicists can execute on seismic 5/13/12 data to determine a rocks fluid content,

Application in Oil industry

Rising AVO is typically pronounced in oilbearing sediments, and even more so in gas-bearing sediments.

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Caveat
An

important warning is that the existence of abnormally rising or falling amplitudes can sometimes be caused by other factors, such as alternative lithologies and residual hydrocarbons in a breached gas column all oil and gas fields are associated with an obvious AVO anomaly

Not

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DHI Direct Hydrocarbon Indication

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What is a Seismic Line ?

The

seismic reflectivity depends on the acoustic impendance at the interface of two strat. acoustic impedance is a product of velocity and density of the strata or simply rocks . rock have a characteristic density and velocity property . coal, shale, Sanstone, Limestone .

The

Each

Example
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 Thus,

a seismic reflection line, in a seismic section may represent an unconformity plane or bedding/plane having more or less uniform velocity and density. such unconformity or bedding plane velocity and density changes. reflection line may or may not be horizontal depending on the deposition of stratas (horizontal, subhorizontal, continuous, slightly inclined, inclined, highly inclined ) below the sub_surface and their velocity and density properties .

Across

A seismic

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 Seismic The So

refections line generally follows unconformities and bedding surface or plane. strata above an unconformity are younger than the strat present below it. the seismic line has chrono (time) stratigrapic significance. surface/planes may be bedding planes. planes separting sanstone and plane separating sandstone and

Stratal

Ex,(bedding

shale).
Ex(bedding

shale).
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 The

bedding plane may have sharp, gradational contact depending on depositional conditions. and shale have different velocity and density and thus, may form a distinguishable reflecting surface and resultant seismic line. may be a surface of erosion or non deposition.

Sandstone

Unconformities Ex(sandstone Ex(limestone

and shale with an unconformity between them). ans shale with an unconformity between them)

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 The

unconformity between sandstone and shale or between limestone and shale as well as sanstone/limestone and shale itself has a different velocity and density. generates more prominent reflectivity contrast and thus, their resultant seismic lines.

Unconformity

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Caution while Data documentation and Interpretation causes also Many times unwanted

generates seismic lines and other attributes due to noise, poor quality of data by virtue of survey and Data processing technique Limitations. correlation and validation with well log and core data is essential.

So

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Seismic Attributes
Seismic

attributes are such characteristics property of seismic data which helps to extract information of geological significance and interest. line

Seismic

Configuration Amplitude Velocity Frequency Continuity 5/13/12

Seismic Line
Seismic

line itself being an attribute provides information on : and stratal/bedding surfaces. sequence, formation and their overall depositional pattern in space and time. times promently helps to extract structural information like folding, faulting of the region.

Unconformity Specific Many

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Configuration
Configuration Pattern

provides information on :

of deposited sediments like overall geomertry, structural companents. processes, palaeodepositinal surfaces, may be parallel, prograding, chaotic,etc. depending on the geometry pattern of deposited sediments.

Depositional

Configurations

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Amplitude
Amplitude

provides information on :

Sediments and their fluids by virtue of their velocity and density contrast.
Amplitude

change suggest in the nature of rocks and fluids (oil,gas and water). used amplitude based indicators, in hydrocarbon industry, are Bright spots, Dim spots, and Flat spots.

Commanly

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 Bright

spot : it is associated with strong amplitudes contrast across lithologies and their fluids (oil, gas, water) content. spot : it is associated with weak amplitude contrast across lithologies and their fluids (oil, gas and water) content. spot : Associated with fluid contact. should be apply with caution as many times they are by virtue of changes in litho logy and not fluids.

Dim

Flat

These

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Velocity
Velocity

provides information on :

Lithology Porosity Fluid

content() oil, gas and water).

Changes

in velocity gives information about vertical and lateral changes in lithology, porosity and their fluid content.

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Frequency
Frequency The

provides information on :

thickness of sequences. of strata. content (oil, gas and water).

Number Fluid

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Continuity
Continuity Continuity These Fluids

of seismic line provides information on : of strata. may suggest uniformly deposited sediments. content within sediments (oil, gas and water).

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Aggregates attributes characteristics

Aggregates Structural

attributes characteristics provides information on : and geological settings. lithology, porosity and their fluid content. environment. stratigraphy. pattern of sediments.

Sediments,

Depositional Sequence Geometric

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Seismic resolution
Seismic

resolution (vertical and horizontal) and reliability seismic data with the well log, well and core data. seismic data with well log and core data helps to extract detail information about rocks, fluids, depositional paleo-enviroment, stratigraphic and structural between drilled wells of a block or region utilizing discussed seismic attributes.

Integrating

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Application
Hydrocarbon

industry (conventional and unconventional like coal and bed methane). mine design and dvelopment (sedimentary rocks and sedimentry hosted coal, dolomite hosted uranium deposits). geological works like hydropower comstruction, tunnel design and development in sedimentry rocks.

Underground

Engineering

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