*

NOORFAIZAH TOKININ NURHANIS ZULKIFLI WAN NUR DAMIA IZZATI ARIDAS VASUDEWAN

*Morphology Morph (form) +

ology (science of) -- > Morphology (the science of word forms) The study of the internal structure of words, and The rules by which words are formed

*Look at the following words *Likely unlikely, developed

- undeveloped

*un- is a prefix means No. *-ly in likely is a adverbial

suffix.

*-ed in developed is a suffix

morpheme.

*
* Dictionary: Morpheme
(mr ' fm') n. A meaningful

linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word

element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. morphemic morphem'ic adj. morphemically morphem'ically adv. http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme

* Definitions: A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.

Example: words un+system+atic+al+ly Note: morphemes

In all language, discrete linguistic units combine rule-governed ways to form larger units

*Sound units combine to form

morphemes,

* morphemes combine to form from

words

*word combine to form phrases

phrases combine to form sentences

*
*Free morphemes are
those that can stand alone as words.

*Example:

girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy

*
*Other morphemes like ish,
-ness, -ly, pre-, trans-, are never words by themselves but are always PARTS OF WORDS morphemes

*These AFFIXES are bound

*Affixes: prefixes and

suffixes Prefix :

*an affix that comes before a

base morpheme. The in in the word inspect is a prefix. after a base morpheme.

*Suffix : an affix that comes

*The s in cats is a suffix.

*
Types of Morphemes

-Bound & Free Morphemes

2. Roots & Stems Prepared by: Wan Nur Damia Izzati binti Wan Mohd Izani

*
* knowingly * brainlessness * ministerially * untainted * Actions *paranormality * unreheated * rediscover *Insufferable * disinherited

cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity

part of the word left when all the affixes are removed

the base form of a word

part of a word to which grammatical affixes / inflectional affixes are added.

EXAMPLE
* solely of a single root morpheme : a simple
stem as in dog * two root morphemes : a compound stem, as in blackbird = black+ bird * a root morpheme plus a derivational affix : a complex stem, as in unscrew = un+screw *cats : single root morpheme: cat+ inflectional suffix s *crowbars : ( two root morphemes : (crow + bar) + inflectional suffix s

Derivational Morpheme It changes the roots class of words or its meaning, or both. Inflectional Morphemes It does not change either the roots class of words or the meaning.

*
Example :

The word unhappy derives from the root HAPPY

added with a prefix UN.

Both happy and unhappy are adjectives. The meaning, however, is totally different. I am
unhappy is totally different from I am happy. morpheme

In this case, the prefix UN is called derivational

*
Affix Attached to Forming Examples

AntiUn-

Noun
Adjective Verb Verb Noun Adjective

Noun
Adjective Verb Noun Noun Adjective

Anti - matter, anti - aircraft

Un-happy, un-lucky Un-do, un-lock Amaze-ment, engage-ment Capital-ism Real-ism

-ment -ism

Affix

Attached to

Forming

Examples

-ful -y

Noun Noun

Adjective Adjective

Care-ful, beauti-ful Mess-y

-ly -ize

Adjective Noun Adjective

Adverb Verb Verb

Nice-ly, efffective-ly Patron-ize, burglar-ize Steril-ize

*
For example :

The word books, for example, derives from the

root BOOK added with a suffix S.

Both book and books are NOUN. The meaning is still the same. The suffix S only indicates the plural form. In this case, the suffix S is INFLECTIONAL

*
Affix -s -s -s -ed /-en -ed Attached to Noun Noun Verb Verb Verb Use Plural Genitive Singular present Past participle Simple past Examples Three bags Paans Intan takes Has been eaten/closed She jumped

-ing
-er -est

Verb
Adjective Adjective

Present progressive
Comparative Superlative

She is dancing
Cooler Ugliest

* WORD FORMATION
PROCESSES

*Word Formation
Process
Definition *How new words are being formed in the language

*The process consists of a

combination of morphemes that are rule-governed (a new word is formed)

(Processes that are formed frequently or commonly in the use

of the English language)

*Back-formation
* The process of forming a new word by extracting actual or
supposed affixes from another word .In other words, a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb).

* For instances:
-televise from television -edit from editor

AFFIXATION
* Process of forming words by adding affixes to morphemes * English uses only prefixes(re, de, per ,u)and suffixes(er, ist,
ly)

sing

+
real

er

=
=

singer

un

unreal

*Eponyms
* An eponym is the name of a person or thing.

*Kodak *Sandwich *Celcius

*COMPOUNDING
* Process that forms new words from two or more independent
words

* Examples of words formed by the compounding process:

girl + friend = girlfriend

text + book = textbook

MINOR WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

(Occur less frequently in the English language)

*Acronym
* Words
that are formed from the initials of several words.

RAM = Random Access Memory

CD = Compact Disk

*BLENDING
* Process of creating a new word by combining the parts of
two different words, usually the beginning of one word and the end of another.

motor + hotel = motel

camera + recorder = camcorder

*CLIPPING
* Process of creating new words by shortening parts of a
longer word.

doctor dormitory

doc dorm

*
* A shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase which is
used to represent the whole
Dr. U.S. Doctor, United States

* *